The rate of groundwater utilization is very high in the river basins of north west India and parts of south India, where the rain water percolates down easily through the soft soils and recharge underground water table. It is also easy to construct wells and tube wells here. Surface water is more utilized in the crystalline rocks of south India.

All humans perform a variety of activities on any given day. There is work that we do every day and other activities we do for personal fulfilment and joy. So as a general rule, we can say that all the activities we do to earn a living are economic activities.

Population geography is sub feild of geography is called demography

Tribal population generally live in forest . And use ancient tecnology in agriculture . They are seperate from modern world .

(i)The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons like unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness.

(ii)The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate.

Urbanisation is the process of change from rural to an urban population. It is not only a demographic growth of villages leading to the formation of cities. It is also a change from quantitative living pattern to qualitative.

In India, people usually migrate from villages to industrial cities in search of employment opportunities.

A] Economic consequences of migration in India:
a. Reduction in unemployment: People migrating from rural to urban areas help in developing its economy by working as labourers in construction work of buildings, flyovers and bridges.

b. Migration also helps reduce the burden on the agricultural sector.

B] Social consequences of migration in India:

a. Diffusion of new ideas: Because of migration, people come across new ideas. When they return to their original places, they carry those ideas with them and try to bring social changes. Intermixing of people from diverse backgrounds also help in evolving of composite culture.

b. Cosmopolitan culture: After migration, people from different regions having different cultures live together. They exchange their culture and values with each other to form a cosmopolitan culture.

c. Formation of slums: Uncontrolled and rapid migration leads to the formation of slums with poor sanitation and heath facilities. Criminal activities rise because of poverty.

On the basis of functions, towns are classified into the following categories:
1. Administrative Towns: Administrative towns include capital cities of nations, provinces, districts and other administrative units. Delhi, Chandigarh, London and Paris are the good examples of it.

2. Defence Towns: These towns are the centres of army, navy, air forces. They have barracks and training facilities for the armed forces. They are also famous for sports. Jodhpur, Jallandhar and Jammu are some examples of such towns.

3. Cultural Centres: The towns which have cultural functions are known as cultural centres. These towns are famous for their activities such as education, art galleries or religious towns. 

Tourism is travel undertaken for purposes of recreation rather than business.

Factors of tourist attraction:
(i) Climate: Most people from colder regions expect to have warm, sunny weather for beach holidays.
(ii) Landscape: Many people like to spend their holidays in an attractive environment, which often means mountains, lakes, spectacular sea coasts and landscapes not completely altered by man.
(iii) History and Art: The history and art of an area have potential attractiveness. People visit ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological sites, and enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches.

(iv) Culture and Economy: These attract tourists with a penchant for experiencing ethnic and local customs. Besides, if a region provides for the needs of tourists at a cheap cost, it is likely to become very popular.

	Nomadic herding	Commercial livestock rearing
1	It is old and primitive subsistence activity. Very less or no capital is invested.	It modern advanced and commercial activity. It is highly capital intensive.
2	Nomads follow migratory or transhumance life for water and pasture.	It is done at fixed place having permanent ranches.
3	Health care is not provided to animals There are different types of animals in single herd.	Modern healthcare is provided to animals. Only one type of animal is reared.
4	There is no mechanisation or use of technology.	They are highly mechanised and uses high end technology..
5	It is practiced in tropical grasslands of savannah , central India , tundra region of Siberia etc.	It is practiced in temperate grasslands of USA, New Zealand, Australia etc.

In what context you are talking about???

Secondary economic activities involve the processing of raw materials (primary products). Examples would include turning timber into furniture and turning iron-ore into steel. Any factory can be seen as a system involving inputs (e.g. timber) processes (e.g. cabinet making) and outputs (e.g. tables and chairs)

Secondary activities involve transforming of the raw material (primary products) into finished goods of higher value. They are converted with manufacturing, processing and construction (infrastructure industries).

A. Determinism

The concept shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity (Environmental Determinism) nor is there a condition of absolute freedom (Possibilism). It means that human beings can conquer nature by obeying it. A geographer, Griffith Taylor introduced another concept which reflects a middle path (Madhyam Marg) between the two ideas of environmental determinism and possibilism. He termed it as Neodeterminism or stop and go determinism. Welfare or humanistic school of thought in human geography was mainly concerned with the different aspects of social well-being of the people. These included aspects such as housing, health and education. Welfare geography is an approach to geography where the emphasis is on spatial inequality and territorial justice.

Lignite is the youngest form of coal. It is soft and ranges in color from black to shades of brown. As a result, it’s sometimes called brown coal. Lignite is mainly used for power generation and accounts for 17 percent of the world’s coal reserves.
After millions of years, continued pressure and temperature convert lignite into   sub-bituminous coal. It burns more cleanly than other types of coal due to its low sulfur content. Sub-bituminous coal has applications in power generation and also in industrial processes. This type of coal makes up 30 percent of the world’s coal reserves.

Bituminous coal  is harder and blacker than lignite and sub-bituminous coal, and can be divided into two types: thermal and metallurgical. Together, they make up 52 percent of the world’s coal reserves. Thermal coal is mostly used for power generation, cement manufacturing and other industrial purposes, while metallurgical coal is used primarily for manufacturing iron and steel.
Anthracite  is the most mature coal and thus has the highest carbon content of any type of coal. It is frequently used for home heating and, accounting for about 1 percent of the world’s total coal reserves, represents a very small portion of the overall market. Anthracite coal can be used as a smokeless fuel in domestic and industrial contexts.

Pastoralism can be defined as mobile livestock herding in the dimension of either production or livelihood. Nomadic and transhumant rearing of domesticated animals are generally two essential forms of pastoralism, with pastoral farming/enclosed ranching as the third form of pastoralism in the broad meaning.

 

(i) Commercial livestock rearing is more organised and capital intensive. (ii) Commercial livestock ranching is essentially associated with western cultures and is practiced on permanent ranches. These ranches cover large areas and are divided into a number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate the grazing.

IMPACT OF POPULATION CHANGE Positive impact of Population change are: Nations with higher populations are better able to raise money on a national level, and this can lead to more international clout. China, for example, has a relatively low per capita income, but its large population gives it tremendous influence. Increasing population ensures increase in the labor force. Lack of growth in the labor force will make a country static, retarded and gets to equilibrium at less than full employment level of the economy. Investors would like to invest in a country with a large population. As the population continues to grow so will be the growth in demand for food, shelter, clothing etc. Negative impact of Population change As a result of overpopulation, the available resources would not be able to do round and this will result to poverty in the country. Overpopulation leads to unemployment, this is as a result of the number of people looking for job outruns available resources. Low Per capita income if production level does not increase Increase in imports, which will result to balance of payments deficit

When the population growth rate is positive, per capita income growth is positive and increasing in the population growth rate. On the other hand, when the population growth rate is negative, contrary to expectations, per capita income growth remains positive, but is decreasing in the population growth rate.

Positive change in population is increase in growth rate and negative change can be decrease in growth rate

The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index that measures key dimensions of human development. The three key dimensions are: – A long and healthy life – measured by life expectancy. ... – And a decent standard of living – measured by Gross National Income per capita adjusted for the price level of the country. HDI measures a country's total achievement in three dimensions of HD: longevity, knowledge, and a decent level of living. As variables it uses life expectancy at birth, educational achievement (literacy and combined gross schooling ratio), and the real adjusted per capita income.

Economic activity is an activity of providing, making, buying or selling commodities or services by people to satisfy day-to-day needs of life. Any activity that includes manufacturing, distributing or utilising products or services. Human activities which generate income are known as economic activities. Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary activities. Higher services under tertiary activities are again classified into quaternary and quinary activities.

Naturalisation of human: During the early periods of human history, men and women were greatly influenced by their surrounding environment as they used low level of technology. Also, at this time, human social development was in the earliest stages. So, humans were dictated by nature and its forces. Thus, humans were naturalised because they were afraid of nature and worshipped it. This is known as naturalisation of humans. This naturalisation of humans is termed environmental determinism.
Environmental determinism considers humans as passive agents as their decisions, attitudes and way of life are affected by nature. For example, forest dwellers and tribal societies who live deep in the forest or in secluded mountainous regions

Humanisation of Nature: With the passage of time, humans began to understand their natural surroundings and the forces of nature. As humans began to form social groups and settled at a place, they developed new and efficient means of technology which helped them to use natural resources. Humans create possibilities with the resources obtained from nature. For example, they create orchards and entertainment resorts near adventurous places. This humanisation of nature is termed possibilism

(i) The main characteristic of commercial farming is the use of high doses of modern inputs, like high yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
(ii) The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another, for example rice is a commercial crop of Punjab and haryana but in Orissa it is a subsistence crop.
(iii) Plantation is also a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area.
(iv) Plantations cover large areas using capital intensive inputs with the help of migrant labourers.
(v) In India tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana are important plantation crops.

Target area planning means making schemes for the development of particular group or area such as backward regions. This type of planning is necessary in India because region imbalances in Economic development are getting serious.  Some of the examples of programmes directed towards the development of target areas are command Area Development Programme.  Drought prone area development programme.  Desert Development Programme.  Hill area development programme.  The small farmers development agency and margins farmers development agency which are the examples of target group programme.

Differences:- Subsistence agriculture ▪️farms are small and food crops are cultivated such as rice and wheat. ▪️ Farming practices in which crops are cultivated from the local consumption. ▪️ Old tools and implements are used by the farmers. ▪️ Depends on the monsoon and there is greater use of manpower Commercial agriculture ▪️farming practices in which good products are mainly from the market to get cash. ▪️ Less of manpower is used ▪️ Farmers are large and Cash crop is cultivated such as cotton, sugarcane and jute. ▪️ Baithe implements are used and there are proper irrigation facilities.

Moist tropical forests ▪️Semi-evergeen ▪️ Moist deciduous ▪️ Littoral and swamp ▪️ Wet evergreen Dry tropical forests ▪️ Dry deciduous forest ▪️ Thorn ▪️ Dry evergreen Montane subtropical forest ▪️ Pine forest ▪️Broad leaves forests Montane temperate forest ▪️ Moist ▪️ Wet ▪️ dry Alpine