Water is an essential element for survival. About seventy per cent of the human body consists of water; plants contain almost 90 per cent of water. Still, we have to depend on some outside sources to fulfil the water requirements of our body. Similarly, the crops require water for their growth and development. The process of supplying water to the crops is known as irrigation. Table of Contents Irrigation Types Surface Irrigation Localized Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation Centre Pivot Irrigation Sub Irrigation Manual Irrigation Methods Traditional Methods Modern Methods Sprinkler System Drip System Importance What is Irrigation? Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water requirements. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells, and even dams. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development, germination, and other related functions. The frequency, rate, amount and time of irrigation are different for different crops and also vary according to the types of soil and seasons. For example, summer crops require a higher amount of water as compared to winter crops. Let us have a look at different types of irrigation and the methods used for irrigation. Also Read: Modern Methods of irrigation Irrigation The Irrigation Canal Types of Irrigation There are different types of irrigation practised for improving crop yield. These types of irrigation systems are practised based on the different types of soils, climates, crops and resources. The main types of irrigation followed by farmers include: Surface Irrigation In this system, no irrigation pump is involved. Here, water is distributed across the land by gravity. Localized Irrigation In this system, water is applied to each plant through a network of pipes under low pressure. Sprinkler Irrigation Water is distributed from a central location by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or from sprinklers from the moving platform. Drip Irrigation In this type, drops of water are delivered near the roots of the plants. This type of irrigation is rarely used as it requires more maintenance. Centre Pivot Irrigation In this, the water is distributed by a sprinkler system moving in a circular pattern. Sub Irrigation Water is distributed through a system of pumping stations gates, ditches and canals by raising the water table. Manual Irrigation This a labour intensive and time-consuming system of irrigation. Here, the water is distributed through watering cans by manual labour. Methods of Irrigation Irrigation can be carried out by two different methods: Traditional Methods Modern Methods Traditional Methods of Irrigation In this method, irrigation is done manually. Here, a farmer pulls out water from wells or canals by himself or using cattle and carries to farming fields. This method can vary in different regions. The main advantage of this method is that it is cheap. But its efficiency is poor because of the uneven distribution of water. Also, the chances of water loss are very high. Some examples of the traditional system are pulley system, lever system, chain pump. Among these, the pump system is the most common and used widely. Modern Methods of Irrigation The modern method compensates the disadvantages of traditional methods and thus helps in the proper way of water usage. The modern method involves two systems: Sprinkler system Drip system Sprinkler System A sprinkler system, as its name suggests, sprinkles water over the crop and helps in an even distribution of water. This method is much advisable in areas facing water scarcity. Here a pump is connected to pipes which generate pressure and water is sprinkled through nozzles of pipes. Drip System In Drip system, water supply is done drop by drop exactly at roots using a hose or pipe. This method can also be used in regions where water availability is less. Also Read: Traditional Methods of Irrigation Importance of Irrigation The importance of irrigation can be explained in the following points: Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. Droughts and famines are caused due to low rainfall. Irrigation helps to increase productivity even in low rainfall. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the regions. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year. Irrigation facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation. Irrigation has stabilized the output and yield levels. Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases the income of the farmers. Irrigation should be optimum because even over-irrigation can spoil the crop production. Excess water leads to waterlogging, hinder germination, increased salt concentration and uprooting because roots can’t withstand standing water. Thus the proper method is to be used for the best cultivation. Also Read: Crop Production and Management To know more about what is irrigation, its types, methods and importance, keep visiting BYJU’S website or download BYJU’S app for further reference. 11,609 Frequently Asked Questions What do you understand by irrigation? Irrigation is the process of supplying water to the land at regular intervals by means of canals and other artificial methods, to enhance agricultural growth and maintain the landscape during the periods of less average rainfall. What are the different types of irrigation? The different types of irrigation include- sprinkler irrigation, surface irrigation, drip irrigation, sub-irrigation and manual irrigation. What are two different methods of irrigation? Two different methods of irrigation are- modern methods that include sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation; traditional irrigation that includes manual irrigation where water is pulled out by the farmers themselves from the wells and canals to irrigate the land. What do you mean by micro-irrigation? Micro-irrigation is the application of small quantities of water frequently directly above and below the surface of the soil, in the form of discrete drops, continuous drops through water emitters. What is basin irrigation? In basin irrigation, the land is divided into basins. It has a simpler design than the furrow and border design.

Cities accommodating populations between one to five million are called metropolitan cities.

The urban agglomerations differ from metropolitan cities in the following ways.

An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three combinations :

(i) A town and its adjoining urban out growths.

(ii) Two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths.

(iii) A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths forming a contiguous spread.

Literacy rate of population is defined as the percentage of literates to the total population age 7 years and above.
Literacy rate denotes the percentage of population above 7 years of age, who is able to read, write and have the ability to do arithmetic calculations with understanding.

hill area development programme

Hill Area Development Programme:

• Hill Area Development Programmes were initiated during Fifth Five Year Plan covering 15 districts comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present Uttarakhand), Mikir Hill and North Cachar hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu.
• These programmes aimed at harnessing the indigenous resources of the hill areas through development of horticulture, plantation agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry, forestry and small-scale and village industry.

Drought Prone Area Programme:

• This programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan with the objectives of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets.
• Initially this programme laid emphasis on the construction of labour-intensive civil works. But later on, it emphasised on irrigation projects, land development programmes, afforestation, grassland development and creation of basic rural infrastructure such as electricity, roads, market, credit and services.

A n s w e r : Population geography
Explanation
Population geography involves demography in a geographical perspective. It focuses on the characteristics of population distributions that change in a spatial context.

The Advantages of Railway Transport are as Follows: 1. Safety: Transportation by the means of railway ensures safety for the desired goods because unlike the road transports a train only stops at a desired station instead of the will of the driver. In case of road transports for example, the drivers can at any point of time decide to rest or stop for tea, refreshments, lunch or dinner. 2. Cheap: Railway transport any day is cheaper as compared to air transport. As a matter of fact, railway transport is even cheaper than road transport because of the reason that goods in bulk quantities are carried from a desired destination to the other. In cases of road transport for instance, less goods as compared to road transport can be carried. 3. Increases Employment: Railway transport helps people to carry cheap products from a place to another and sell them at high prices. As a result of this, a number of people who are unemployed find a source of their daily bread.

The Disadvantages of Rail Transport are as Follows: 1. Loss of Goods: Because goods in bulk quantities are carried chances of goods getting lost are high in case of railway transport as compared to air and road transport. 2. Unsafe for Fragile Items: Railway transportation is particularly unsafe for carrying fragile items like glass because these items can easily break at times when a train halts unexpectedly of when the train is speeding up at times. 3. Late Bookings: Because railway is the cheapest medium of transport, it is hard to find suitable bookings for the transportation of your goods. Railway transport is not suitable in cases of emergency.

Urban agglomeration is a highly developed spatial form of integrated cities. It occurs when the relationships among cities shift from mainly competition to both competition and cooperation. In India, the word “urban agglomeration” is defined in the Census of India – which provides statistical information on different characteristics of the people of India. ... and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the previous Census. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advisors, etc., to the industries. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.

The basic differences between rural and urban settlements are as follows:

 (i) The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic needs from land based primary economic activities, whereas, urban settlements, depend on processing of raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods on the one hand and a variety of services on the other.

 (ii) Cities act as nodes of economic growth, provide goods and services not only to urban dwellers but also to the people of the rural settlements in their hinterlands in return for food and raw materials. This functional relationship between the urban and rural settlements takes place through transport and communication network.

 (iii) Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and outlook. Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate. In urban areas, on the other hand, way of life is complex and fast, and social relations are formal.

Factors that Influence Settlement. Physical factors. Drainage/rivers. Land quality. Altitude and relief. Coastal location. Human factors. Communications.

They move in search of food, water, and places for their animals to eat. The word “nomad” comes from a Greek word meaning “roaming about for pasture.” Some cultures around the world have always been nomadic.

Human Settlement is a form of human habitation which ranges from a single dowelling to large city. In other words, it is a process of opening up and settling of a previously uninhabited area by the people. People live in clusters of houses that might be a village, a town or a city. The study of human settlements is basic to human geography because the form of settlement in any particular region reflects human relationship with the environment.

Bro where is your optio

1. Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. Droughts and famines are caused due to low rainfall. Irrigation helps to increase productivity even in low rainfall.
2. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land.
3. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the regions. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year. Irrigation facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country.
4. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation.
5. Irrigation has stabilized the output and yield levels.
6. Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases the income of the farmers.

<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">Advantages of Rail Transport: -Rail transport has the following advantages</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> </div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in">1.       It is a convenient mode of transport for travelling long distance.</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in"> </div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in">2.       It is comparatively faster than road transport.</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify">3.       It is suitable for carrying heavy goods in large quantities for long distances.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify">4.       Its operation is less affected by adverse weather conditions like rain, floods, fog, etc.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify">5.       It ensures safety and security of goods. Even costly and delicate goods can be sent by Rail.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify"> </div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">Limitation of Rail Transport: -Rail transport has the following limitations.</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">1.       It is relatively expensive for carrying goods and passengers over short distances.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">2.       It is not available in remote parts of the country.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">3.       It provides services according to fixed time schedule and is not flexible for loading or unloading of goods at any place.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">4.       It involves heavy losses of life as well as goods in case of accident.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify"> </div>

 

<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align:justify">5.       It does not provide door to door services. It does not reach remote areas. <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">Advantages of Rail Transport: -Rail transport has the following advantages</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> </div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in">1.       It is a convenient mode of transport for travelling long distance.</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in"> </div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in">2.       It is comparatively faster than road transport.</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify">3.       It is suitable for carrying heavy goods in large quantities for long distances.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify">4.       Its operation is less affected by adverse weather conditions like rain, floods, fog, etc.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify">5.       It ensures safety and security of goods. Even costly and delicate goods can be sent by Rail.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:0.25in; text-align:justify"> </div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px">Limitation of Rail Transport: -Rail transport has the following limitations.</div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:left; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">1.       It is relatively expensive for carrying goods and passengers over short distances.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">2.       It is not available in remote parts of the country.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">3.       It provides services according to fixed time schedule and is not flexible for loading or unloading of goods at any place.</div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify"> </div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin-left:22.5pt; text-align:justify">4.       It involves heavy losses of life as well as goods in case of accident.</div>   <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-align:justify">5.       It does not provide door to door services. It does not reach remote areas.</div> </div>

Survival Needs

Survival needs, or physiological needs, are the most basic needs that anyone requires in order to survive. These include things like food, water, air, clothing, shelter, and sleep.

It can be very difficult to learn or develop new behaviors and skills without successful fulfillment of survival needs.

Safety Needs

Everyone needs to feel safe. Safety needs include how we need to feel secure in our surroundings. We want to be safe. We do not want to feel threatened by or experience violence or dangerous situations.

Safety needs are also about security. People, in their own way, need to feel secure with certain aspects of their lives, such as where they live or how secure they are with their job or whether they have financial stability.

The concepts:

(i) This type of interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of nature was termed as environmental determinism.

(ii) At the stage of very low technological development the was presence of a naturalised human, who listened to Nature, was afraid of its fury and worshipped it.

(iii) There is direct dependence of human beings on nature for resources which sustain them. The physical environment for such societies becomes the “Mother Nature”.

Examples: Benda, who lives in the wilds of the Abujh Maad area of central India.

The concept of determinism explains that human is a passive agent, influenced by the environmental factors that are physical factors like climate, flora, fauna, etc which determine the attitude of decision-making and lifestyle of human beings.

For instance, the Eskimos of Tundra adapted to the extremely cold climate. Their main food is whale, seals and walrus. They use animal oil for cooking, heating and lighting. They live in igloos. Whereas Samang and Sakai of Malaysia and Pygmies of Congo basin live in hot and humid condition. They live on vegetable, hunting and fishing.

why india need irrigation

geography syllabus remove

write a d vantage and dis advantage of road transport

write advantage and disadvantage of railway transport

The major advantage of road transport is that it can enable door-to-door delivery of goods and materials and can provide a very cost-effective means of cartage, loading and unloading. Road transport provides a faster and less costly means of transporting goods over short distances. Other modes of transport like water, air or rail may incur delays in transit of goods with loading and reloading required in multiple locations. Road transport not only requires less initial capital investment, the cost of operation and maintenance is also comparatively less. Even if the rate charged by motor transport is a little higher than that by the railways, the actual effective cost of transporting goods by motor transport is less.

What is draw

Industries are divided into two types, on the basis of the raw materials used. Agro Based Industries: Cotton, wool, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, etc. Mineral Based Industries: Iron and steel, cement, aluminum, petrochemicals, etc. Industry classification or industry taxonomy is a type of economic taxonomy that organizes companies into industrial groupings based on similar production processes, similar products, or similar behavior in financial markets.

 

लघु उद्योग

1. यह निर्माण की मध्यम स्तरीय इकाई है।

2. इस उद्योग में स्थानीय कच्चे माल के साथ-साथ बाहर से भी मँगाये गये कच्चे माल का उपयोग होता है।

3. इस उद्योग में एक शिल्पकार छोटी-छोटी मशीनों का प्रयोग करता है।

4. इस उद्योग द्वारा निर्मित वस्तुओं का व्यापारिक महत्त्व अधिक होता है।

5. इस उद्योग में स्थानीय श्रमिक भी कार्य करते हैं।

Tippani chhote paimane ke udyog

Chhote paimane ke udyog

लघु उद्योग

1. यह निर्माण की मध्यम स्तरीय इकाई है।

2. इस उद्योग में स्थानीय कच्चे माल के साथ-साथ बाहर से भी मँगाये गये कच्चे माल का उपयोग होता है।

3. इस उद्योग में एक शिल्पकार छोटी-छोटी मशीनों का प्रयोग करता है।

4. इस उद्योग द्वारा निर्मित वस्तुओं का व्यापारिक महत्त्व अधिक होता है।

5. इस उद्योग में स्थानीय श्रमिक भी कार्य करते हैं।

(a) Human Development is the development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives. This concept was introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq. 

(b)

(i) People are central to all development. Their choice are not fixed but keep on changing on. The basic goal of human development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives. 

(ii) To achieve a meaningful life as it should be with some purpose. People must be healthy, be able to develop their talent, participate in society and be free to achieve their goals by full recess to resources, education and health facilities. 

(iii) To have the capability and freedom to make basic choices. This may be remove their inability to acquire knowledge, their material poverty, social discrimination, inefficiency of institutions etc; 

(iv) To build people’s capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources is important in enlarging their choices. To set a qualitative change. It cannot take place unless there is an addition to the existing conditions. Development will occur when positive change growth take place. 

Rural-urban composition:

(i)The division of population into rural and urban is based on the residence. This division is necessary because rural and urban life styles differ from each other in terms of their livelihood and social conditions. The age-***-occupational structure, density of population and level of development vary between rural and urban areas. 

(ii)The criteria for differentiating rural and urban population varies from country to country. In general terms rural areas are those where people are engaged in primary activities and urban areas are those when majority of the working population is engaged in non-primary activities.

(iii)The rural and urban differences in *** ratio in Canada and West European countries like Finland are just the opposite of those in African and Asian countries like Zimbabwe and Nepal respectively. In Western countries, males outnumber females in rural areas and females outnumber the males in urban areas.

(iv)In countries like Nepal, Pakistan and India the case is reverse. The excess of females in urban areas of U.S.A., Canada and Europe is the result of influx of females from rural areas to avail of the vast job opportunities. Farming in these developed countries is also highly mechanised and remains largely a male occupation. By contrast the *** ratio in Asian urban areas remains male dominated due to the predominance of male migration.

Push factors of migration :  1. These factors force the people to leave a place.  2. Lack of job, war, natural disaster or political instability are some of the push factors.  3. Examples – Thousands of people from Syria are migrating to safer countries due to war, The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India.  

Pull factors of migration :  1. These factors attract people to new places.  2. Job opportunities, better education and health services are some of the pull factors.  3. Examples – Many students leave India to study abroad, many people migrate to Canada and Australia for better jobs.

Tq sir...

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

1. GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS

• Availability of water- resides in those area where fresh water can be easily available, used for drinking, bathing and cooking, for cattle,crops, industries and navigation. These river valleys are densly populated
• land forms- prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. Because areas are favourable for the crops production and to build roads and industries, for example, Ganga plains. Whereas mountainous and hilly regions are less populated due to lack of transport, agricultural and industrial development, for example Himalayan region
• climate- Areas with very heavy rainfall or extreme and harsh climates have low population, for example Mediterranean regions.Areas with a comfortable climate, where there is not
  much seasonal variation attract more people.
• soils- Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore,
  areas which have fertile loamy soils have dense population. Eg. Northern plains of India

2. ECONOMIC FACTORS

• Minerals- Areas with mineral deposits attract industries and therefore generate employment. Skilled and semi-skilled workers move to these areas and make them densely populated. Example Katanga Zambia copper belt in Africa
• urbanization- Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication and good civic aminities which attract more population.
• industrialization-Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large
  numbers of people. Example The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan

3. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS

• Attract more people due to religious and cultural significance
• People also move away from places due to political and social unrest
• Many a times governments offer incentives to people to live in sparsely
  populated areas or move away from overcrowded places

Igneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed when molten rock (rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid-state.

Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centers (when cooled they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). Pyroclastic deposits are accumulations of fragmented material (e.g. ash, bombs, tuffs, and volcanic breccias) ejected during volcanic eruptions.

Types of Igneous Rock

Following are the two types of igneous rock:

1. Intrusive igneous rock: These rocks crystallize below the earth’s surface resulting in large crystals as the cooling takes place slowly. Diorite, granite, pegmatite are examples of intrusive igneous rocks.
2. Extrusive igneous rock: These rocks erupt onto the surface resulting in small crystals as the cooling takes place quickly. The cooling rate is for a few rocks is so quick that they form an amorphous glass. Basalt, tuff, pumice are examples of extrusive igneous rock.