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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago
Chemical Methods of Preparation of Colloids

Hydrophilic or Lyophobic colloidal solutions can be prepared by various chemical techniques such as:
- Double Decomposition Technique: When hydrogen sulphide is passed through a solution of arsenious oxide in distilled water, we get a colloidal solution of arsenious chloride.
As2O3 + 3H2S → As2S3 + 3H2O
- Oxidation Technique: A colloidal solution of Sulphur is made to pass through an aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide. It can also be obtained by passing the gas through a solution of an oxidization agent such as bromine water as well as nitric acid.
SO2 + 2H2S → 2H2O + 3S
H2S + [O] → H2O + S
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SN1 • Polar solvent stabilizes transition state and carbocation intermediate. group. SN2 • Need polar solvent to dissolve nucleophile. Protic solvent slows rate by solvating nucleophile • Aprotic solvent increases rate by binding cation and thus freeing nucleophile.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years ago
Wurtz - Fitting reaction:
Aryl halide and alkyl halide couple in presence of sodium metal / dry ether to form alkyl benzene.
For example, bromobenzene reacts with methyl bromide in presence of sodium. dry ether to form toluene.
C6H5−Br+CH3−Br+2Na → dryether C6H5−CH3+2NaBr
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A ligand is an ion or molecule, which donates a pair of electrons to the central metal atom or ion to form a coordination complex. Ambidentate ligand is a type of ligands which have the ability to bind to the central atom via the atoms of two different elements.
Examples: thiocyanate ion(NCS–) which can bind to the central metal atom or ion with either nitrogen or sulfur atoms.
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Nitrogen with n = 2 has s and p orbitals only. If does not have d orbitals to expand its valence shell. That is why it does not form pentahalide.
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Benzoicacid reacts with NH3 to form ammoniumsalt which on heating decomposes to form benzamide
Ph−COOH+NH3 ⇌ Ph−COONH4+ΔPhCONH2+H2O
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Convert benzene to methyl benzene by reacting it with CH3Cl and anhydrous AlCl3. Oxidize methyl benzene with a powerful oxidizing agent like alkaline KMnO4 we will get benzoic acid.

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Aniline is treated with sodium nitrite in Hydro-chloric acid at temperature 423K to form benzene diazonium chloride followed by hydrolysis by weak acid benzene .
Benzene is treated with aluminium chloride to form toulene.

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Chemisorption involves high activation energy. So, first, it increases and then decreases with increase in temperature. The initial increase is due to the heat supplied which act as activation energy required for chemisorption. But later it decreases due to the exothermic nature of adsorption at equilibrium.

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