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Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of the solutes. Our body fluid contains a number of solutes. On taking large amount of common salt, Na+ and Cl- ions enter into the body fluid thereby raising the concentration of solutes. As a result, osmotic pressure increases which may rupture of blood cells.
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To separate alumina from silica in bauxite ore associated with silica, first the powdered ore is digested with a concentrated NaOH solution at 473 - 523 K and 35 - 36 bar pressure. This results in the leaching out of alumina {tex}\left( {A{l_2}{O_3}} \right){/tex} as sodium aluminate and silica {tex}\left( {Si{O_2}} \right){/tex} as sodium silicate leaving the impurities behind.
{tex}\mathop {A{l_2}{O_{3(s)}}}\limits_{Alu\min a} + 2NaO{H_{(aq)}} + 3{H_2}{O_{(l)}} \to \mathop {2Na{{\left[ {Al{{\left( {OH} \right)}_4}} \right]}_{(aq)}}}\limits_{Sodium\,\,alu\min ate}{/tex}
{tex}\mathop {Si{O_2}}\limits_{Silica} + 2NaO{H_{(aq)}} \to \mathop {N{a_2}Si{O_{3(aq)}}}\limits_{Sodium\,\,silicate} + {H_2}{O_{(l)}}{/tex}
Then, {tex}C{O_2}{/tex} gas is passed through the resulting solution to neutralize the aluminate in the solution, which results in the precipitation of hydrated alumina. To induce precipitation, the solution is seeded with freshly prepared samples of hydrated alumina.
{tex}\mathop {2Na{{\left[ {Al{{\left( {OH} \right)}_4}} \right]}_{(aq)}}}\limits_{Sodium\,\,alu\min ate} + C{O_{2(g)}} \to \mathop {A{l_2}{O_3}.x{H_2}{O_{(s)}}}\limits_{Hydrate\,\,alu\min a} + \mathop {2NaHC{O_{3(aq)}}}\limits_{Sodium\,\,hydrogen\,\,carbonate}{/tex}
During this process, sodium silicate remains in the solution. The obtained hydrated alumina is filtered, dried, and heated to get back pure alumina.
{tex}\mathop {A{l_2}{O_3}.x{H_2}{O_{(s)}}}\limits_{Hydrated\,\,alu\min a} \xrightarrow{{1470K}}\mathop {A{l_2}{O_{3(s)}}}\limits_{Alu\min a} + x{H_2}{O_{(g)}}{/tex}
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Promoters: Those substances which increase the activity of catalyst are called promoters. Example: Mo is promoter whereas Fe is catalyst in Haber’s Process.
Poisons- Substances which decreasethe activity of the catalyst
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Electrostatic force is force between two charges separated by distance in space while gravitational force is the force between two masses separated by a distance.
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