1. Self Regulation by Business:  Every firm insists to have a strong consumer base which means that more and still more people should buy their products. This is possible only when the consumers are fully satisfied with the products of the firm. Many firms have set up their customer service and grievance cells to redress the problems and grievances of their consumers.
2. Business Associations:  Business associations prepare a code of conduct for businessmen. It is laid down in the code of conduct as to how businessmen are expected to behave with the consumers. For example, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) have proposed their code of conduct which governs the attitude of their members towards consumers.
3. Consumer Awareness: As an important means of consumer protection, consumer should protect himself. He should be alert in the matter of his rights. Alert consumer alone can demand his rights from the sellers. Thus, the consumer himself must know his rights and raise voice against unfair practices of the sellers.
4. Consumer Organisations:  Consumer organizations play an important role in educating consumers about their rights and providing protection to them. These organizations can force business firms to avoid malpractices and exploitation of consumers.
5. Government:  Interests of the consumers are protected by the government by enacting various legislations. Consumer Protection Act 1986 is an important legislation by the government to provide protection to the affected consumer. This Act provides for a three-tier machinery at the district, state and national levels for redressal of consumer grievances.

Self Regulation by Business:  Every firm insists to have a strong consumer base which means that more and still more people should buy their products. This is possible only when the consumers are fully satisfied with the products of the firm. Many firms have set up their customer service and grievance cells to redress the problems and grievances of their consumers.
Business Associations:  Business associations prepare a code of conduct for businessmen. It is laid down in the code of conduct as to how businessmen are expected to behave with the consumers. For example, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) have proposed their code of conduct which governs the attitude of their members towards consumers.
Consumer Awareness:  As an important means of consumer protection, consumer should protect himself. He should be alert in the matter of his rights. Alert consumer alone can demand his rights from the sellers. Thus, the consumer himself must know his rights and raise voice against unfair practices of the sellers.
Consumer Organisations: Consumer organizations play an important role in educating consumers about their rights and providing protection to them. These organizations can force business firms to avoid malpractices and exploitation of consumers.
Government:  Interests of the consumers are protected by the government by enacting various legislations. Consumer Protection Act 1986 is an important legislation by the government to provide protection to the affected consumer. This Act provides for a three-tier machinery at the district, state and national levels for redressal of consumer grievances.

Decentralization means delegation of authority at every level. It is the even and systematic distribution of decision making authority to the lowest level of management. Under decentralization every employee working at different levels gets some share in the authority. Decentralization is a policy matter and managers plan in advance whether to go for centralized or decentralized policy.

Features/Nature of Coordination
(i) Integration of group efforts         

(ii) Unity of action
(iii)Continuous process                  

(iv) All pervasive function
(v) Deliberate function                   

(vi) Responsibility of all managers

If carefully reviewed what constitutes a business, we will come to the conclusion that there are two things that matter, money and decision Without money, a company won’t survive and without decisions, money can’t survive. An administration has to take countless decisions in the lifetime of the company. Thus, the most important ones are related to money. The decisions related to money are called ‘Financing Decisions.’

There are three decisions that financial managers have to take:

• Investment Decision
• Financing Decision and
• Dividend Decision

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Choice of appropriate channel of distribution is a very important marketing decision, which affects the performance of an organisation. Important factors affecting the choice of channels of distribution by the manufacturer are:
1) Product Related Factors:   The choice of channels of distribution depends upon the factors related to the product. Products can be perishable or nonperishable, industrial or consumer product, depends upon the value of product and the degree of complexity of the product. Industrial products require short channels, where Consumer products can be better distributed by long network of channels. Perishable products like fruits, vegetables, and dairy products are best sold through short channels, while non-perishable products like toiletry and fabrics require longer channels to reach wide spread consumers. If the unit value of a product is low, long channels are preferred while in case of high value products, shorter channels may be used. In case of complex products, short channels are preferred but if the product is a non-complex one, it is sold through long channels.
2) Characteristics of company:   The important company characteristics affecting the choice of channels of distribution include the financial strength of the company and the degree of control it wants to hold. Direct selling involves lot of funds to be invested, whereas Indirect selling through intermediary does not need huge funds to be invested. Thus, if the firm has plenty of funds it may go for direct distribution otherwise, indirect channels. Similarly if the management wants to have greater control on the channel members, short channels are used otherwise, it can go in for longer channel.
3) Competitive Factors:  The choice of channel is also affected by the channel selected by competitors. The decision on choice of channel of distribution is made depending upon the policy of the firm, whether it wants to go with the competitors or be different from them.
4) Market Factors: Market factors like size of market, population of potential buyers and quantity purchased determines choice of distribution channel. If number of buyers is small, short channels are used otherwise longer are used. If the buyers are concentrated in a small place, short channels may be used, otherwise a longer channels. Similarly if the size of order is small large number of intermediaries may be used. But if the size of order is large, direct channels is preferable.

The capital invested in current or working assets such as stock of materials and finished goods, accounts receivable, bills receivable, short-term securities and cash or bank balance for meeting day-to-day expenses is known as working capital or current capital.
It represents investment for a short period. The term ‘working capital’ is used in two senses, namely gross working capital and net working capital.
(i) Gross working capital It is the total value of current assets… The amount of gross working capital indicates the total funds available for financing the current assets. It is a quantitative concept, which fails to reveal the true financial position of a company.
(ii) Net working capital It represents the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Net working capital is a qualitative concept and it reveals the soundness of current financial position. It shows a firm’s ability to meet its current obligations as they fall due for payment.

Factors affecting fixed capital requirements are explained below:

(i) Nature of business: A manufacturing concern requires more fixed capital to purchase fixed assets. For example, plant and machinery, etc. as compared to a trading concern.

(ii) Scale of operations: A larger organisation operating at a higher scale needs bigger plant, more space, etc., and therefore requires more fixed capital as compared to the smaller organisations.

(iii) Choice of technique: The business organisations using capital intensive techniques require more fixed capital whereas companies using labourintensive techniques require less capital.

(iv) Technology upgradation: Industries in which technology upgradation is fast need more amount of fixed capital as when new, technology is invented, old machines become obsolete and they need to buy, new plants and machinery whereas companies where technological upgradation is slow they require less fixed capital as they can manage with old machines.

(v) Growth prospects : Companies which are expanding and have high growth plan require more fixed capital, to invest in more plant and machinery and other fixed assets in comparison to the companies having slow growth track or less growth prospects.

(vi) Diversification: Companies which have plans to diversify their business activities by including more range of products require more fixed capital. For producing more products they require more plants and machinery which means more fixed capital is required in comparison to the companies having no diversification plans.

(vii) Level of Collaboration: If companies are preferring collaborations, joint ventures then companies will need less fixed capital as they can share plant and machinery with their collaborations but if company prefers to operate as independent unit then there is more requirement of fixed capital.

(viii) Financing alternatives: Availability of leasing facility reduces the requirement of fixed capital to be invested in outright purchase of the fixed asset