Coordination is the orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action in pursuit of common purpose. It involves unifying, integrating and harmonising the activities of different departments and individuals for the achievement of common goal.

divisional organisational structure.
This is because:
(i) The number of main products is more than one.
(ii) Different manufacturing technologies and marketing methods are required.
(iii) Each division is equipped with its own resources in order to function independently

 Promotions:

through promotions, vacant positions at the higher level are filled by suitably promoting employees at the lower level. To continue to work with greater efficiency and productivity, an employee needs encouragement and motivation and is given with more responsibility towards his work in the organisation. In this regard, promotion plays an important role. The promotion can be in the form of position and pay or both. Promotion provides a great deal of job satisfaction to the employee and serves the long-term interests of employees.

hrough promotions, vacant positions at the higher level are filled by suitably promoting employees at the lower level. To continue to work with greater efficiency and productivity, an employee needs encouragement and motivation and is given with more responsibility towards his work in the organisation. In this regard, promotion plays an important role. The promotion can be in the form of position and pay or both. Promotion provides a great deal of job satisfaction to the employee and serves the long-term interests of employees.

Promotion of Product or Promotion of employee ?

Ans: Functional structure as the people are being grouped on the basis of functions

Explanation: Functional Structure: In functional structure activities are grouped and departments are created on the basis of specific functions to be performed. For example, all the jobs related to production are grouped under production department, sales departments etc.

Managers are constantly called upon to make decisions in order to solve problems. ... Decision making and problem solving are ongoing processes of evaluating situations or problems, considering alternatives, making choices, and following them up with the necessary actions. Decision making is related to planning, organizing, directing and controlling functions of a manager. Decision making is important to achieve the organizational goals/objectives within given time and budget. Decision-making is a pervasive function of managers aimed at achieving organizational goals.

Cooperating is not a function of management.

There are mainly five functions of management- planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. For the performance of these interrelated functions, the activities of the various departments, units and individuals must be synchronized. That is, the different departments must cooperate with each other and work in a coordinated manner. Thus, cooperating is the means through which the management is able to perform its functions.

• Deciding in advance what to do& how to do it. It is one of the basic managerial functions.

• It involves 2 aspects:
Setting of aims and objectives of the organization + Selecting and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives.

• Koontz and O‘Donnell – ―Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do, and who to do it. Planning bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go. It makes it possible for things to occur which would not otherwise happen.

• Involves setting of objectives & developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives

Planning leads to rigidity:

Once plans are made to decide the future course of action the manager may not be in a position to change them. Following predefined plan when circumstances are changed may not bring positive results for organisation. This kind of rigidity in plan may create difficulty.

Staffing is a critical organizational function which consists of the process of acquiring, deploying, and retaining a workforce of sufficient quantity and quality to create positive impacts on the effectiveness of the organization.  It is one of the significant functions of the management.

In an organization, it is the people which carry out the various jobs which are needed for its functioning. They are the most important resource of the organization. They supply the talent, skills, knowledge, and experience to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. In fact the performance of the organization largely depends on the quality of its people. Hence the staffing function of the management is an important function and it involves in the building of the organizational workforce. In staffing, the management is faced with the challenge of not only finding the right person for each job but also to match the personnel with the jobs identified and to provide for their long-range growth and welfare as members of the organization.

Staffing is that part of the process of management which is concerned with acquiring, developing, employing, appraising, remunerating and retaining people so that right type of people are available at the right positions and at the right time in the organization. In the simplest terms, staffing in management is ‘putting people to jobs’.

The management principles are derived in the following two ways:

(i) On the basis of observation Fayol developed

management principles on the basis of observation, e.g. ‘division of work’ tells us that in order to achieve efficiency, divide the work into small tasks.

How can this analysis be made? It is only made by those managers who observed that division of work leads to specialization.

(ii) On the basis of experimentation All the principles of management establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, which means that they are developed on the basis of experimental studies.

Macro environment - The major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organization's decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include economic factors, demographics, legal, political, social conditions, technological changes, and natural forces. Specific examples of macro environment influences include competitors, changes in interest rates, changes in cultural tastes, disastrous weather, or government regulations.

Effectiveness in Management refers to the capability of the management to achieve the desired targets in the specified time. It is concerned with doing what is right or what should be done. On the other hand, efficiency refers to doing the task correctly, timely and at minimum possible cost.

Eff ectiveness is doing the right things.

The two essential ingredients of sound working capital management are inventory management and receivable management .

Middle Level

Following are the main functions of Middle Level Managers:

(i) Interpreting Policies: At this level, policies framed by top level managers are interpreted.Like the marketing manager introduces his salesman to the sales policy of the company thatat no cost credit sales will be made.

(ii) Preparing Organisational Set-up: Every middle level manager prepares outline of hisrespective department in accordance with the objectives of the organisation.

(iii) Appointing Employees: Every departmental manager appoints employees to fulfil theactivities of his department.

Business studies project class 12 on marketing management (on Noodles) and principles of management ( on Big Bazaar)
This is the Business studies project for the year 2017-18 on both marketing management and principles of management.

This may help you

Click on the given link :

<a href="http://dailyexperienceofshazil.blogspot.com/2018/02/business-studies-project-class-12-on.html">http://dailyexperienceofshazil.blogspot.com/2018/02/business-studies-project-class-12-on.html</a>