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In microbiology, central Dogma illustrates the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. In simple it is defined as a process in which the information in DNA is converted into a functional product. It is suggested that the information present in a DNA are essential to make up all proteins and RNA act as a messenger that carries information through the ribosomes.
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A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.
All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy.
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- Fossils represent extinct organisms.
- Fossils show life forms restricted to certain geological time spans existing in the past.
- Fossils show ancestry of present day organisms.
- Fossils connect link between two groups of organisms.
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Exponential growth is possible only when infinite natural resources are available; this is not the case in the real world. Charles Darwin recognized this fact in his description of the “struggle for existence,” which states that individuals will compete (with members of their own or other species ) for limited resources. The successful ones will survive to pass on their own characteristics and traits (which we know now are transferred by genes) to the next generation at a greater rate: a process known as natural selection. To model the reality of limited resources, population ecologists developed the logistic growth model.
Carrying Capacity and the Logistic Model
In the real world, with its limited resources, exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely. Exponential growth may occur in environments where there are few individuals and plentiful resources, but when the number of individuals becomes large enough, resources will be depleted, slowing the growth rate. Eventually, the growth rate will plateau or level off. This population size, which represents the maximum population size that a particular environment can support, is called the carrying capacity, or KK.
The formula we use to calculate logistic growth adds the carrying capacity as a moderating force in the growth rate. The expression “K – N” is indicative of how many individuals may be added to a population at a given stage, and “K – N” divided by “K” is the fraction of the carrying capacity available for further growth. Thus, the exponential growth model is restricted by this factor to generate the logistic growth equation:
dNdT=rmaxdNdT=rmax×N×(K−NK)dNdT=rmax∗(dN/dT)=rmax∗N∗((KN)/K)dNdT=rmaxdNdT=rmax×N×(K−NK)dNdT=rmax∗(dN/dT)=rmax∗N∗((KN)/K)
Notice that when NN is very small, (K-N)/K becomes close to K/KK/K or 1; the right side of the equation reduces to rmaxNrmaxN, which means the population is growing exponentially and is not influenced by carrying capacity. On the other hand, when NN is large, (K−N)/K(K−N)/K come close to zero, which means that population growth will be slowed greatly or even stopped. Thus, population growth is greatly slowed in large populations by the carrying capacity KK. This model also allows for negative population growth or a population decline. This occurs when the number of individuals in the population exceeds the carrying capacity (because the value of (K-N)/K is negative).
A graph of this equation yields an S-shaped curve; it is a more-realistic model of population growth than exponential growth. There are three different sections to an S-shaped curve. Initially, growth is exponential because there are few individuals and ample resources available. Then, as resources begin to become limited, the growth rate decreases. Finally, growth levels off at the carrying capacity of the environment, with little change in population size over time.
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Sia ? 6 years, 5 months ago
The sequence of the nucleotides along the backbone encodes genetic information. The four roles DNA plays are replication, encoding information, mutation/recombination and gene expression.
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