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Posted by Surbhi Kumari 6 years, 5 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
The Mesozoic Era began around 250 million years ago and ended 65 million years ago, while the Cenozoic began 65 million years ago and continues till today. The Mesozoic ("middle life") is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon, preceded by the Paleozoic ("ancient life") and succeeded by the Cenozoic ("new life"). The Cenozoic Era is also known as the Age of Mammals because the extinction of many groups of giant mammals, allowing smaller species to thrive and diversify because their predators no longer existed.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
In multiple alleles, the same strand of DNA is involved. For example, the blood type is found on the same strand of DNA. The polygenic inheritance is found on multiple strands of DNA. For example, the formation of antibiotics to fight bacteria and other foreign bodies are found on multiple places on the DNA. Usually, traits are polygenic when there is wide variation in the trait. For example, humans can be many different sizes. Height is a polygenic trait, controlled by at least three genes with six alleles. If you are dominant for all of the alleles for height, then you will be very tall.
Posted by Akash Tiwari 6 years, 5 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
Ontogeny refers to the development of an organism while phylogeny refers to how the organisms have evolved. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary development of groups of organisms. The relationships are hypothesized based on the idea that all life is derived from a common ancestor. Relationships among organisms are determined by shared characteristics, as indicated through genetic and anatomical comparisons. Ontogeny refers to the development of an organism while phylogeny refers to how the organisms have evolved. Let us take an example of a chicken, the ontogeny will explain the entire development cycle of the chicken right from the single cell.
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Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection to understand the process of evolution. According to this theory, nature itself selects various traits or characteristics that will suit the members of a species. And thus the individuals who have those traits will be able to survive and reproduce to maintain the continuity of their species while others who are not able to survive perish over time.
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Sia ? 6 years, 5 months ago
Chorionic villi are villi that sprout from the chorion to provide maximal contact area with maternal blood. They are an essential element in pregnancy from a histomorphologic perspective, and are, by definition, a product of conception. Branches of the umbilical arteries carry embryonic blood to the villi.
Posted by Akash Tiwari 6 years, 5 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 5 months ago
The chorion is one of the embryonic membranous structures than encloses both the fetus as well as the amnion. The chorion begins to form chorionic villi towards its outer surface, which initially serves to provide nutrition to the developing embryo.
Part of the chorionic villi arborize more extensively and forms the chorionic frondosum, which in turn gives rise to the placenta.
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Sia ? 6 years, 5 months ago
Differences between acquired immunity and active immunity are:
| Acquired immunity | Active immunity |
| 1. It is pathogen specific | 1. It is produced due to contact with pathogen or its antigen. |
| 2. It develops after birth and through vaccination | 2. Immunity is not immediate. A time lapse occurs for its development. |
| 3. It may cause certain reactions against vaccination | 3. It lasts for sufficiently long period, may be life long. |
Posted by Nozrul Islam 6 years, 5 months ago
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Sia ? 6 years, 5 months ago
Steps involved in gene cloning
- Isolation of donor DNA fragment or gene
- Selection of suitable vector
- Incorporation of donor DNA fragment into the vector
- Transformation of recombinant vector into a suitable host cell
- Isolation of recombinant host cell
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Posted by Chetna Regar 6 years, 5 months ago
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Translation is the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide.
The different phases of translation are:
- Activation of amino acids occurs in the presence of ATP and link to their congate tRNA, in the presence of aminoacyl tRNA synthatase enzyme.
- Initiation of polypeptide synthesis occurs in ribosomes which is known as the cellular factory for protein synthesis.
- Elongation of polypeptide chain occurs when a second tRNA charged with an appropriate amino acid binds to the A-site of the ribosome.
- Termination of polypeptide occurs when a release factor binds to the stop codon.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue. ... Some of this calcium attaches to troponin, which causes it to change shape, exposing binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the actin filaments.
- A skeletal muscle fiber is made up of two types of filaments. They are thick filament (myosin) and thin filament (actin). Contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments.
- Myosin (thick) filament is also a polymerized protein. Many monomeric proteins called meromyosins constitute one thick filament.
- Each actin (thin) filament is made of two ‘F’ (filamentous) actins helically wound to each other. Each ‘F’ actin is a polymer of monomeric ‘G’ (Globular) actins. Two filaments of another protein, tropomyosin also run close to the ‘F’ actins throughout its length
- In the resting state a subunit of troponin masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments.
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