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Lactic acid bacteria can be found in curd. It is this bacterium that promotes the formation of milk into curd. The bacterium multiplies and increases its number, which converts the milk into curd. They also increase the content of vitamin B12 in curd.
Lactic acid bacteria are also found in our stomach where it keeps a check on the disease-causing micro-organisms.
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Plamids are extra-chromosomal, self- replicating, usually circula double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria and in some yeast.
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As we know that Biopiracy is the practice of commercially exploiting naturally occurring genetic material or biochemical. Nowadays Biopiracy become an epidemic because each and every people is exploiting the nature by their daily activities.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
- A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA, taken from any organism into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes.
- Plasmids and bacteriophages have the ability to replicate within bacterial cells independent of the control of chromosomal DNA.
- If an alien piece of DNA with bacteriophage or plasmid DNA, we can multiply its numbers equal to the copy number of the plasmid or bacteriophage.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes.
Bone marrow : Bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are formed. Maturation of B-lymphocyte occurs here.
Thymus : Thymus is the site for T-lymphocytes maturation. Thymus is situated near the heart.
The secondary lymphoid organs are spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,Payer's patches of small intestine and appendix.
Spleen : It is a bean-shaped organ which is the largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body. In foetus the spleen produces all type of blood cells but in adult it only produces lymphocytes.
Lymph nodes : These are small solid structures found at intervals along the lymphatic system. They are composed of lymphoid tissue and act as filters for the lymph. Lymph nodes also produce lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Tonsils : Usually there are only 6 tonsils. They act as filters to protect the body from bacteria and aid in the formation of white blood cells.
Peter's patches : They are clusters of lymph nodules found in small intestine along the ileum. They produce lymphocytes.
Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) : MALT are significant aggregation of lymphoid tissues which are seen in relation to the mucosa of the major tracts like respiratory, alimentary canal and urinogenital tracts. It constitute about 50% of the lymphoid tissue in human body. They don't serve as filters of lymph. They are centres of lymphocytes production. Phagocytic macrophages and dendritic cells are also present.
Posted by Anuj Maurya 6 years, 3 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 3 months ago
Immune system consists of-
- Lymphoid organs
- Lymphoid tissues
- B- cells and T-cells
- Antibodies
Lymphoid organs-
The organs where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur are called lymphoid organs.
Lymphoid organs are of two types-
1. Primary lymphoid organs
2. Secondary lymphoid organs.
The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes.
The bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced.
<div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="width: 100%; height: auto; clear: none; text-align: center;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1840315902857894" data-ad-format="auto" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="display: block; margin: auto; background-color: transparent;"><ins id="aswift_4_expand" style="display: inline-table; border: medium none; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 955px; background-color: transparent;"><ins id="aswift_4_anchor" style="display: block; border: medium none; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 955px; background-color: transparent; overflow: hidden; opacity: 0;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="200" hspace="0" id="aswift_4" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_4" onload="var i=this.id,s=window.google_iframe_oncopy,H=s&&s.handlers,h=H&&H[i],w=this.contentWindow,d;try{d=w.document}catch(e){}if(h&&d&&(!d.body||!d.body.firstChild)){if(h.call){setTimeout(h,0)}else if(h.match){try{h=s.upd(h,i)}catch(e){}w.location.replace(h)}}" scrolling="no" style="left:0;position:absolute;top:0;border:0px;width:955px;height:200px;" vspace="0" width="955"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div>The thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the breastbone.
Spleen, tonsil, lymph node, Peyer’s patches of small intestine and appendix are secondary lymphoid organs where proliferation of lymphocytes take place.
The secondary lymphoid organs provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to become effector cells.
The spleen is a large bean shaped organ mainly contains lymphocytes and phagocytes which acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms and has a large reservoir of erythrocytes.
The lymph nodes are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system.
Lymph nodes serve to trap the antigens and these antigens trapped are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes and cause the immune response.
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Gemmules are internal buds formed inside freshwater sponges, e.g. Spongilla. These are formed during unfavourable conditions and help in perennation and dispersal.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 2 months ago
When favourable conditions return, the encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoeba or pseudopodiospores; the cyst wall bursts out, and the spores are liberated in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This phenomenon is known as sporulation.
A spore is a single or several celled reproductive structure that detaches from the parent and gives rise, directly or indirectly, to a new individual. Conidia are non motile asexual spores of kingdom fungi. Gemmules are the specialized asexual spores formed in sponges.
The most common of these structures are zoospores that usually are microscopic motile structures. Other common asexual reproductive structures are conidia (Penicillium), buds (Hydra) and gemmules (sponge).
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