Oestrous cycle is the cyclical change in the reproductive phase of animals that is mainly non-primates. It involves changes in the ovaries, accessory ducts and hormones they secrete. Non-primates breed only during favourable conditions in the season. This breeding process comprise many cyclical changes constituting oestrous cycle. These organisms are called as seasonal breeders. Oestrous cycle stops once the female becomes pregnant.

Sexual reproduction among angiosperm plants results in the formation of seeds, inside of fruit. Dissection of seed suggests that it consist of seed coat, cotyledon & embryo axis. Matured seeds are classified into two type based on the reserve food material present in them that is-
1. Non- albuminous
2. Albuminous
Non- albuminous – this type of seed completely consumes the nutritive endosperm during their stages of embryo development. e.g pea & groundnut.
Albuminous seed – this type of seed retain or restore some part of endosperm during embryonic development. e.g., maize, barley, castor & sunflower.
 

Pro insuline is like a proenzyme or prohormone. It contains an extra stretch of C-peptide so it needs to be processed to become fully mature and functional hormone like insulin.

Population attributes are summaries describing characteristics of the population. Formally an attribute is a function applied to the entire population and determined through the variate values on individual units. For example, a scatterplot constructed using all units in the target population is an attribute. A population, thus, is a changing entity. This changing characteristic of population is attributed to factors such as density, natality, mortality, survivorship, age structure, growth rate, emigration, immigration and other attributes.

Conformers are organisms that can't maintain a constant internal environment, their body temperature changes with the ambient temperature. As the conformers could not evolve themselves so the regulators emerged or evolved that had the ability to regulate the internal body conditions. A conformer is dependent upon the changes in the external environment, whereas a regulator can control their internal environment regardless of external environmental change to a large extend. They have homeostasis - internal regulatory mechanisms to control their internal environments. Because of thermo-regulation, there are more conformers than regulators. Since, small animals have a large surface area relative to their volume, so they tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside.

Proteins are important in all cells and do different jobs, such as incorporating carbon dioxide into sugar in plants and protecting bacteria from harmful chemicals. If protein synthesis goes wrong, diseases such as cancer can occur. In translation, the instructions in mRNA are read, and tRNA brings the correct sequence of amino acids to the ribosome. Then, rRNA helps bonds form between the amino acids, producing a polypeptide chain. After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processing to form the finished protein.

Unambiguous Code - The code is specific i.e., one Codon codes for only one amino acid.
Universal Genetic Code - The genetic code is same in all organisms.

In female human anatomy, Skene's glands or the Skene glands (/skiːn/ SKEEN; also known as the lesser vestibular glands, paraurethral glands, or female homologue of the prostate) are glands located on the anterior wall of the ******, around the lower end of the urethra. The Bartholin's glands (also called Bartholin glands or greater vestibular glands) are two pea sized compound alveolar glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the ******. They secrete mucus to lubricate the ****** and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males.

DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Regardless of where DNA replication occurs, the basic process is the same. The prokaryotic chromosome is a circular molecule with a less extensive coiling structure than eukaryotic chromosomes. The eukaryotic chromosome is linear and highly coiled around proteins. In prokaryotic cells, there is only one point of origin, replication occurs in two opposing directions at the same time, and takes place in the cell cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have multiple points of origin and use unidirectional replication within the nucleus of the cell. Replication in prokaryotes starts from a sequence found on the chromosome called the origin of replication—the point at which the DNA opens up. Single-strand binding proteins bind to the single-stranded DNA near the replication fork to keep the fork open.

In prokaryotic cells, there is only one point of origin, replication occurs in two opposing directions at the same time, and takes place in the cell cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have multiple points of origin and use unidirectional replication within the nucleus of the cell. The prokaryotic chromosome is a circular molecule with a less extensive coiling structure than eukaryotic chromosomes. The eukaryotic chromosome is linear and highly coiled around proteins. Prokaryotic genomes contain one or several chromosomes [1], most of which are circular [2]. The chromosomes consist of two anti-parallel DNA strands, and are supposed to have a single origin of replication (eubacteria) [3] or may have single or multiple origins.

• Restriction enzymes belong to a larger class of enzymes called Restriction enzymes are called as molecular scissors because these enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. The first restriction endonuclease is Hind II.
• The restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific base sequence, and these specific base sequence is known as the recognition sequence.
• The convention for naming restriction enzymes –
• The first letter of the name comes from the genus.
• The second two letters come from the species of the prokaryotic cell from which they were isolated, e.g., EcoRI comes from Escherichia coli RY 13.
• In EcoRI, the letter ‘R’ is derived from the name of strain.

The use of antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic organism has resulted in the selection of resistant varieties in much lesser time. There are examples of evolution by anthropogenic action. This tells us that evolution is stochastic process which is based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in organisms. A stochastic process is a system which evolves in time while undergoing chance fluctuations. We can describe such a system by defining a family of random variables, {X t }, where X t measures, at time t, the aspect of the system which is of interest.