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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 11 months ago
Palynology, scientific discipline concerned with the study of plant pollen, spores, and certain microscopic planktonic organisms, in both living and fossil form. The field is associated with the plant sciences as well as with the geologic sciences, notably those aspects dealing with stratigraphy,
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Resource partitioning occurs when one of the similar species which compete for the same resource eventually changes its niche to coexist together in the same environment. When either of two similar species does not extinct, one of the species has changed its ecological niche.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 11 months ago
- Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavor and taste, the specificity coming from the microbes used.
- The large holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to production of a large amount of CO2 by a bacterium named Propionibacterium sharmanii.
- The ‘Roquefort cheese’ are ripened by growing a specific fungi on them, which gives them a particular flavor.
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Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant in the form of water vapour. Water is absorbed by roots from the soil and transported as a liquid to the leaves via xylem. In the leaves, small pores allow water to escape as a vapour. Of all the water absorbed by plants, less than 5% remains in the plant for growth. Transpiration decreases the hydrostatic pressure in the upper parts of the plant creating transpiration pull due to which water easily move against gravity from roots to upper parts. Water absorbed in the root moves upward due to this transpiration pull and capillary action.
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Many antibiotics, including penicillin, work by attacking the cell wall of bacteria. Specifically, the drugs prevent the bacteria from synthesizing a molecule in the cell wall called peptidoglycan, which provides the wall with the strength it needs to survive in the human body. Antibiotics are prescribed to treat bacterial infections, which commonly include strep throat, urinary tract infections, and certain types of pneumonia. Antibiotics cannot kill viruses because bacteria and viruses have different mechanisms and machinery to survive and replicate. The antibiotic has no “target” to attack in a virus.
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 11 months ago
<font size="2">As we pass from one trophic level to the next, only 10% of energy is transferred from the first trophic level to the next. This is because a lot of energy is lost to the surroundings and rest is utilised by the organism.
We can understand this better using an example.
When green plants are eaten by primary consumers, lot of energy is lost as heat to the environment. Some energy is used by the consumer into doing work and digestion whereas rest is used for growth and reproduction. About 10% of the eaten food is turned into its body and made available to the next level of consumers. So the actual energy passing to the next trophic level is only 10%.</font>
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → snake → hawk
Here, a part of the solar energy is captured by grass which uses it to produce food. About 10% of this captured energy is passed on to grasshoppers. Here, large amount of energy is lost as heat, some goes into digestion and doing work and rest towards growth. Again 10% of the food eaten by the grasshopper is made available to the next trophic level, comprising of frogs. In this way energy flows further from frog to snake and from snakes to the final trophic level, made up of hawks..
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