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Ask QuestionPosted by Ashutosh Dwivedi 6 years, 6 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 6 months ago
Tissue culture
- The method of growing a plant cell, tissue or an organ in an artificial nutrient medium under aseptic conditions provided with controlled conditions of light and temperature.
- Whole plant can be generated from an explant.
Importance of tissue culture-
- Large number of plants from small or single cell can be produced in short duration.
- Many important plants like tomato, appleand banana have been developed by tissue culture.
- Production of disease free varieties through meristem culture.
Posted by Khushbu Patial 6 years, 6 months ago
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Nishu Goyal 6 years, 5 months ago
K@Łp@N@ $Øđh!?? 6 years, 5 months ago
Yogita Ingle 6 years, 6 months ago
Process of transcription
In prokaryotes
Transcription takes place in three steps
- Initiation
- RNA polymerase binds to promoter and initiates transcription.
- Initiation factor or sigma (σ) recognizes the promoter of the DNA.
- Elongation
- RNA polymerase facilitates opening of the helix and continues elongation.
- RNA polymerase uses nucleoside triphosphates as substrate and polymerizes in a template depended fashion following the rule of complementarity.
- Only a short stretch of RNA remains bound to the enzyme.
- Termination
- Once the polymerases reaches the terminator region RNA polymerase binds with the termination-factor (ρ) to terminate transcription.
- The nascent RNA falls off with the RNA polymerase which results in termination of transcription.
- The transcription and translation can be coupled in bacteria as the mRNA does not require any processing to become active, and also transcription and translation take place in the same compartment
In eukaryotes
- There are two additional complexities in eukaryotes.
- The first complexity is that there are at least three RNA polymerases in the nucleus.
- The RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S)
- The RNA polymerase III is responsible for transcription of tRNA, 5srRNA, and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs).
- The RNA polymerase II transcribes precursor of mRNA, the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
- The second complexity is that the primary transcripts contain both the exons and the introns and are non-functional.
- Primary transcripts are subjected to a process called splicing where the introns are removed and exons are joined in a defined order.
- hnRNA undergo two additional processing called as capping and tailing.
- In capping an unusual nucleotide (methyl guanosine triphosphate) is added to the 5'-end of hnRNA.
- In tailing, adenylate residues (200-300) are added at 3'-end in a template independent manner and the fully processed hnRNA is called mRNA
- mRNA is transported out of the nucleus for translation.
Posted by Mohd Ansar 6 years, 6 months ago
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Nishu Goyal 6 years, 5 months ago
Yogita Ingle 6 years, 6 months ago
During the luteal phase the remaining parts of Graafian follicle transforms into a cell called Corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum degenerates in the absence of fertilization.
Posted by Simran Tomar 6 years, 6 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. Epithelial cells may be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in shape and may be arranged in single or multiple layers. Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
Under the standard reaction conditions, the restriction endonuclease HindIII cleaves double-stranded DNA, within the recognition sequence--A/AGCTT--at the position indicated by the arrow. In the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide the substrate specificity of this enzyme is reduced and cleavages occur at additional sites. HindIII (pronounced "Hin D Three") is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the DNA palindromic sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg2+ via hydrolysis.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
In an aquatic ecosystem, GFC or grazing food chain is the main conduit of energy because here food chain begins from plants, i.e. phytoplanktons( primary producers), which are in turn eaten by zooplanktons. Zooplanktons are then eaten by different fishes which are taken in by pelicans. The cycle of energy is based on the flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem. ... At the first trophic level, primary producers use solar energy to produce organic material through photosynthesis. The herbivores at the second trophic level, use the plants as food which gives them energy. The cycle of energy is based on the flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem. ... At the first trophic level, primary producers use solar energy to produce organic material through photosynthesis. The herbivores at the second trophic level, use the plants as food which gives them energy.
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Sia ? 6 years, 6 months ago
The entire process is called gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in the ribosome decoding center to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is read by the ribosome.
Posted by Chetan Gadivaddar 6 years, 6 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. Translation is a process by which the genetic code contained within an mRNA molecule is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It occurs in the cytoplasm following transcription and, like transcription, has three stages: initiation, elongation and termination.
Posted by Kalpana Jha 6 years, 6 months ago
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Mutation breeding is another common breeding technology that's much faster than conventional breeding. In this process, breeders use different methods to damage the DNA in seeds, and as a result, introduce mutations in plants.
Posted by Hritwik Raj 6 years, 6 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 5 months ago
Two essential roles for ribosome during translation are
(i) Ribosome acts as the site where protein synthesis takes place from individual amino acids.
(ii) Ribosome acts as a catalyst for forming a peptide bond (23S rRNA in bacteria acts as a ribozyme).
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Ashish Kumar 6 years, 6 months ago
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