(i) Original Jurisdiction: The original jurisdiction extends to those cases which the Supreme Court has the authority to hear and decide in the first instance.
(a) Between citizens of the country;
(b) Between citizens and government;
(c)Between two or more state governments; and
(d)Between governments at the union and state level.
(ii) Appellate Jurisdiction: It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the Courts.
(iii) Advisory Jurisdiction : As the highest court in the country, the Supreme Court gives legal advice to the President of India on any legal or constitutional matter referred to it. However, the advice is not binding on the Supreme Court.
(iv)Guardian of the Constitution:The Supreme Court acts as the guardian and final interpreter of the Constitution. If the government passes any law or issues any order which is in violation of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law or order unconstitutional.
(v) Guardian of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court also acts as a guardian of the fundamental rights of the citizens. When a fundamental right of any citizen is violated by the government or any individual he can seek the protection of the Supreme Court.

Elections in India are free and fair as a party that wins an election and forms government do so because people have chosen it over its rivals.
The following facts support the statement that the value of free and fair election has always been promoted in India:

1. A choice is offered to the voter.
2. One vote has one value.
3. The choice is offered at regular intervals of time.
4. The preferred candidates should be elected.

In India, all these are followed in order to conduct free and fair elections.

The scope of political theory is as follows
1.  It evaluates the values which are part of our life like freedom, equality and justice.
2.  It defines the concepts and talks about its significance.
3.  It trains individuals to think rationally about politics and raise political questions.
 

Decentralization refers to a specific form of organizational structure where the top management delegates decision-making responsibilities and daily operations to middle and lower subordinates. The top management can thus concentrate on taking major decisions with greater time abundance. Business houses often feel the requirement of decentralization to continue efficiency in their operation.

Different Measures taken to ensure Free and Fair Elections. The following are the different measures taken to ensure free and fair elections in India :
(i) Every step is being taken so that the voters are able to cast their votes according to their preferences.
(ii) Every effort is being made for the security and safety of the voters at the Election Booths. Sufficient policemen are posted near the Election Booths so that no illegal person could disrupt the election process.
(iii) Every attempt is made to see that no inducement is given to voter to cast their votes in a particular way.
(iv) It is also seen that no coercion is used in any way to force voters to vote for a particular candidate.
(v) During the election campaigning, it is to be seen that the Ruling Party does not use the government machinery in its favour whatsoever.
(vi) Rigging or using unfair means in elections should not be allowed in any way. Rigging is to elections what cheating is to examination.
(vii) All efforts are made to see that nobody tries to use his muscle or money power.
(viii) Over and above these measures, an institution of Election Commission has been created in India which is quite independent of the government control. It tries to conduct the elections in a free and fair manner.

Council of minister divided into 4

I. Cabinet Ministers—He has a right to be present and participate in every meeting of the Cabinet. For proclamation of an emergency under Art. 352 the advice must come from the Prime Minister and other Ministers of cabinet rank.

II. Minister of State with independent charge—He is a Minister of State who does not work under a Cabinet Minister. When any matter concerning his Department is on the agenda of the Cabinet, he is invited to attend the meeting.

III. Minister of State—He is a Minister who does not have independent charge of any Department and works under a Cabinet Minister. The work to such Minister is allotted by his Cabinet Minister.

IV. Deputy Minister—He is a Minister who works under a Cabinet Minister or a Minister of State with independent charge. The work to him is allotted by the Minister under whom he is working. The Prime Minister allocates portfolios to the Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State with independent charge. The other Ministers are allocated work by their respective Cabinet Ministers. Ministers may be chosen from the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. A Minister who is member of one House has the right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of the other House. A Minister is allowed to vote only in the House of which he is a member. A person who is not a member of either House may also be appointed as a Minister. He can continue as a Minister only for six months. Because that is the limit fixed by Art. 75(5). If he desires to continue as Minister he has to become a member of any one of the Houses of Parliament before the expiration of the period of 6 months. A person who is not qualified to become a member of a legislature cannot be appointed a minister under Art. 75(5). In this case minister would not include Prime Minister because non-election of Prime Minister would dissolve the Council of Ministers after expiration of the period of 6 months.

1. In representative democracy, people rule through their representatives.
2. It gives an opportunity to the people to decide, who will make laws for them.

A Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons:

• It is an important law of the land. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the governments.
• It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to different ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony.
• It specifies on how the Government would be elected and who will have the power and the responsibility to take important decisions.
• It outlines the limits on the power of the Government and tells us about the rights of the citizens.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

1. It projects the form of government in the country.
2. It ensures the fundamental rights to it's citizens.
3. It directs the states in making legislations.
4. It lay out the procedures for several functions, administrations, legislation, execution of the government machinaries.
5. It provides for the separation of Powers.
6. It provides for the independence of each organ say., Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
7. It upholds the sovereignty of the nation.
8. It acts as a check in maladministration and misuse of powers.
9. It provides for answerability and accountability of government to the people of the country.
10. It provides for Judicial review in case of legislations violating the Supreme procedure established by law (i. e. Constitution)

Equality commonly refers to the idea of equal treatment. As a political ideal the concept of equality invokes the idea that all human beings have an equal worth regardless of their colour, gender, race, or nationality. Due to common humanity, human beings deserve equal consideration and respect. It is this notion of shared humanity that lies behind notions of ‘Universal human rights’ and ‘Crime against humanity’. When people are treated differently just because they are born in a particular religion, race or caste or gender, we regard it as an unacceptable form of inequality. The commitment to the ideal of equality does not imply the elim mination of all forms of differences. Natural inequalities are considered to be the result of the different characteristics and abilities with which people are born. Social inequalities are created by society. Natural differences which were considered natural, now no longer be seen as unalterable. Various thinkers and ideologues’ have highlighted three main dimensions of equalities namely, political, social and economic. In democratic societies political equality would normally include granting equal citizenship to all the members of the state. Citizenship brings with it certain basic rights such as the right to vote, freedom of expression, movement and association and freedom of belief. Inequalities are often the result of differences in the resources and opportunities which are available to citizens. That is why demand for ‘equal opportunities’ or for a ‘level playing field’ is often raised. Economic inequality exists in society if there are significant differences in wealth, property or income between individual or classes. Absolute equality of wealth or income has probably never existed in a society. Karl Marx was of the opinion that every society consists of two classes, the rich (Haves) and the poor (Haves-not). Unlike socialists, liberals do not believe that political, economic and social inequalities are necessarily linked. Feminism is a political doctrine of equal rights for women and men. Feminist are those men and women who believe that inequality in society is the result of patriarchy. Some countries have used policies of affirmative action to enhance equality of opportunity. Most policies of affirmative action are designed to correct the cumulative effect of past inequalities.