B.R Ambedkar.

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar' was born on 14th April 1891 in Mhow town of Madhya Pradesh, India. He was the son of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhimabai. His father served in the Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment. He was an Indian jurist, political leader, philosopher, anthropologist, historian, orator, economist, teacher, editor, prolific writer, revolutionary and a revivalist for Buddhism in India. He became the 1st Law Minister of India. He became the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee. For his contributions, he was awarded Bharat Ratna. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.

Kautilya

Chanakya, also called Kautilya or Vishnugupta, (flourished 300 bce), Hindu statesman and philosopher who wrote a classic treatise on polity, Artha-shastra (“The Science of Material Gain”), a compilation of almost everything that had been written in India up to his time regarding artha (property, economics, or material ...

Aristotle

The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) made significant and lasting contributions to nearly every aspect of human knowledge, from logic to biology to ethics and aesthetics. ... In Arabic philosophy, he was known simply as “The First Teacher”; in the West, he was “The Philosopher.”

Currently, India and the United States enjoy close relations and have often seen eye-to-eye on issues such as counterterrorism (including concern of Pakistan's involvement), mutual distrust on Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, and most importantly, Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific.

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Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar' was born on 14th April 1891 in Mhow town of Madhya Pradesh, India. He was the son of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhimabai. His father served in the Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment. He was an Indian jurist, political leader, philosopher, anthropologist, historian, orator, economist, teacher, editor, prolific writer, revolutionary and a revivalist for Buddhism in India. He became the 1st Law Minister of India. He became the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee. For his contributions, he was awarded Bharat Ratna. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.

the action of building something, typically a large structure.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Russian Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, free association of sovereign states that was formed in 1991 by Russia and 11 other republics that were formerly part of the Soviet Union.

Bills have to pass through various stages before they are finally passed. These stages are:

1. First is the stage of introduction. Money bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha while ordinary bills can be introduced in either of the two houses of the Parliament.
2. During the second stage, the bill is discussed clause by clause.
3. During the third stage, the bill is put to vote and if passed by a simple majority of members present (arid voting), it is sent to the other house, where the same procedure is followed.
4. However, if there is disagreement between the two houses, the final decisions is taken in a joint session of both the houses where the bill is passed by a majority of members of both the houses present and voting.
5. Finally, when both the houses pass the bill, it is sent to the president for his/her assent. After getting the president's assent the bill becomes a law or an act.

The constitution defines the powers of the organs of government. It states the fundamental principles, aspirations, and objectives of a country. It helps to protect the rights of the citizens. It helps to prevent arbitrarily ruled by the leaders.

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Women in Hinduism

Brahman created woman, according to the Hinduism, in the sense of imaginative duality to provide men's ventures and support procreate, progeny and family relations. If we research ancient history, we find that women held top religious and social roles in the Vedic era.

On the other hand, a woman has minimal independence according to tradition. In a household governed by male members, she is a dependent individual. For those who see women as land, Manu Smriti preaches more restricted norms.

Women in Islam

Islam is the first religion in the world to accept and grant women all the rights that men have enjoyed. Islam has liberated women from slavery and has given them equal treatment and recognized their individuality as human beings. By instituting right of land, possession, inheritance, schooling, marriage and divorce, Islam improved the status of women.

The Quran has issued a radical argument that the rights of men and women are equal to their responsibilities. It made an open declaration of gender equality.

Three dimensions of equality are: Economic, Social and Political Equality.

• Political equality means granting equal citizenship to all members of the state. equal citizenship provides certain basic rights such as right to vote, freedom of expression,  movement and association and freedom of belief to everybody. They can participate in the affairs of the country. 
• Social equality means provision of equality in society. Equality of oppurtunites need to be provided so that minimum quality of life can be achieved.
• Economic equality means granting equal economic oppurtunities to all. 

The Modern Era lasted from the end of the Middle Ages to the middle of the 20th century; modernism, however, refers to the artistic movement of late 19th and early 20th centuries that arose from the widespread changes that swept the world during that period.

The term ‘legislature’ is a generic term meaning a body which legislates. The term ‘ Legg means law and “lature’ the place and etymologically Legislature means a place for law-making. Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’

Functions of a Legislature: 

1. Legislative or Law-making Functions: The first and foremost function of a legislature is to legislate i.e. to make laws. In ancient times, laws used to be either derived from customs, traditions and religious scriptures, or were issued by the kings as their commands. However, in the contemporary era of democracy, legislature is the chief source of law. It is the legislature which formulates the will of the state into laws and gives it a legal character. Legislature transforms the demands of the people into authoritative laws/statutes.

2. Deliberative Functions: To deliberate upon matters of national importance, public issues, problems and needs is an important function of a modern legislature. Through this function, the legislature reflects the public opinion over various issues. The debates held in the legislature have a great educative value for the people.

3. Custodian of National Finances: A near universal rule is that “the legislature of the state is the custodian of national purse.” It holds the purse of the nation and controls the finances. No money can be raised or spent by the executive without the approval of the legislature. Each year the executive has to prepare and get passed from the legislature the budget for the coming financial year. In the budget, the executive has to place the account of the actual income and expenditure of the previous year and estimated income and expenditure for the New Year. Not only the legislature passes the budget but also it alone can approve the imposition, or repeal or collection of any tax whatsoever. Further, the legislature maintains a control over all financial transactions and expenditures incurred by the executive.

4. Control over the Executive: A modern legislature has the power to exercise control over the executive. In a parliamentary system of government, like the one which is at work in India, for all its actions, decisions, and policies, the executive is collectively responsible before the legislature. It is accountable before the legislature. The legislature has the power to remove the executive by passing a vote of no-confidence or by rejecting a policy or budget or law of the executive. The Prime Minister and all other ministers are essentially the members of the legislature. They are bound by the rules and procedures of the Parliament. (b) In a Presidential form of government, like the one which is at work in the USA, the legislature exercises some checks over the executive. It can appoint investigation committees to probe the functioning of government departments. By the use of its power to legislate and pass the budget, the legislature exercises a fair amount of control over the executive. Thus, whether a political system has a parliamentary system or a presidential system, the legislature exercises a control over the executive.

5. Constituent Functions: In almost every state, it is the legislature which has the power to amend the constitution. For this purpose legislature has to pass special laws, called amendments, in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Constitution. In some states the requirement is that the legislature must pass the amendment with 2/3rd or 3/4th or an absolute majority of votes.

6. Electoral Functions A legislature usually performs some electoral functions. The two houses of the Indian Parliament elect the Vice-President. All elected MPs and MLAs form the Electoral College which elects the President of India. In Switzerland, the Federal Legislature elects the members of the Federal Council (Executive) and the Federal Tribunal (Judiciary).

7. Judicial Functions: It is customary to give some judicial power to the legislature. Usually, the legislature is assigned to act as a court of impeachment i.e. as an investigating court for trying high public officials on charges of treason, misdemeanor and high crimes and remove them from office. In India, the Union Parliament can impeach the President. It has also the power to pass a resolution for the removal of Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court’s on the ground of misbehavior or incapacity.

8. Ventilation of Grievances: A legislature acts as the highest forum for ventilation of public grievances against the executive. Besides representing every interest and shade of opinion, the legislature acts as the national forum for expressing public opinion, public grievances and public aspirations. Parliamentary debates and discussions throw a flood light over various issues of public importance.

9. Miscellaneous Functions: Some legislatures are assigned specific executive tasks. For example, the US Senate (Upper House of US Legislature) has the power to confirm or reject the major appointments made by the US President. Likewise, it enjoys the power to ratify or reject treaties made by the US President. In India, the Rajya Sabha has been given the power to establish or eliminate any All India Service. Legislatures also perform the function of approving or rejecting or amending all the policies and plans made by the executive. In the US Constitution, the Congress (Legislature) enjoys the power to declare war. Thus the legislative organs of the government play a very important and active role in the exercise of the sovereign power of the state. In fact legislature is the legal sovereign in the State. It has the power to transform any decision of the state into a law. Legislature is the chief source of law. It is the mirror of national public opinion and the symbol of the power of the people.

No, this is not true of elections always. Generally, maximum elections are conducted peacefully in a democratic way.

The nationalist movement was based solely on the topic of secularism and democracy. Thus, the philosophy of the nationalist movement's legacy is the notion expressed to create freedom and fundamental rights with the equality of the nation's citizens.

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title ...