The kings of France were linked to the people by ‘VASSALAGE’
So Vassalage , if you break this word it would be vassal age . Now vassal is a person who promises to be loyal to his lord / seigneur who would protect him . The big landowners and nobles were vassals of the king ,and peasants were the vassals of landowners .
So VASSALAGE is the relationship between a vassal and his lord .

The kings of France were linked to the people by ‘VASSALAGE’
So Vassalage , if you break this word it would be vassal age . Now vassal is a person who promises to be loyal to his lord / seigneur who would protect him . The big landowners and nobles were vassals of the king ,and peasants were the vassals of landowners .
So VASSALAGE is the relationship between a vassal and his lord .

(i) The British got raw materials for the textile industries in India in form of cotton bales and began to export it for weaving clothes. It shifted the processing from homes to factories.
(ii) Initially, spinning consumes a lot of time, but with the invention of technical knowledge, the production began to increases. It increased the demand for raw material.
(iii) The political motives of imperialism. It further extended in the form of imperialism. It also led to the economic exploitation.
(iv) It boosted the Britishers industrial methods to gain more and more raw material forms colonial countries.

Islamic architecture 

(a) Religious buildings were the greatest symbols of the Islamic architecture. 

(b) Their buildings included Mosques, shrines and tombs were used for purposes like worshipping and imparting religious instructions. 

(c) Their buildings comprised of unique features like arches, domes, small minarets and open courtyards. 

(d) Their buildings had beautiful carvings, geometrical designs and were decorated with mosaics and paintings. 

(e) The mosque had a distinct architectural form - roof supported by pillars and had an open courtyard - sahn where a fountain or pond was placed. 

(f) In the mosque, there was a separate hall where sermons were delivered during the noon prayers on Friday. 

(g) The Umayyads built ‘desert palaces’ in oases, such as Khirbat al-Mafjar in Palestine and Qusayr Amra in Jordan, which served as luxurious residences and retreats for hunting and pleasure. 

Roman architecture 

(a) The Roman emperors were great builders. 

(b) They introduced new architectural featuresthe arches, columns and domes. 

(c) They built many multi-storied buildings with rows of arches standing over one another. 

(d) Their buildings were beautifully decorated with murals.

(e) Their buildings can be categorized into doric style, iconic style and corinthian style.

(f) The Roman architecture reflected the practical need for military and entertainment.

(g) For e.g. Ampitheatre was constructed for military drill and for staging entertainment for soldiers.

For several million years, humans lived by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. Then, between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, people in different parts of the world learnt to domesticate certain plants and animals.

1. This led to the development of farming and pastoralism as a way of life. The shift from foraging to farming was a major turning point in human history. Why did this change take place at this point of time ?

2. The last ice age came to an end about 13,000 years ago and with that warmer, wetter conditions prevailed. As a result, conditions were favourable for the growth of grasses such as wild barley and wheat. At the same time, as open forests and grasslands expanded, the population of certain animal species such as wild sheep, goat, cattle, pig and donkey increased.

What we find is that human societies began to gradually prefer areas that had an abundance of wild grasses and animals. Now relatively large, permanent communities occupied such areas for most parts of the year.

With some areas being clearly preferred, a pressure may have built up to increase the food supply. This may have triggered the process of domestication of certain plants and animals.

It is likely that a combination of factors which included climatic change, population pressure, a greater reliance on and knowledge of a few species of plaints (such as wheat, barley, rice and millet) and animals (such as sheep, goat, cattle, donkey and pig) played a role in this transformation.

3. One such area where farming and pastoralism began around 10,000 years ago was the Fertile Crescent, extending from the Mediterranean coast to the Zagros mountains in Iran.

With the introduction of agriculture, more people began to stay in one place for even longer periods than they had done before. Thus permanent houses began to be built of mud, mud bricks and even stone. These are some of the earliest villages known to archaeologists.

4. Farming and pastoralism led to the introduction of many other changes such as the making of pots in which to store grain and other produce, and to cook food. Besides, new kinds of stone tools came into use. Other new tools such as the plough were used in agriculture. Gradually, people became familiar with metals such as copper and tin. The wheel, important for both pot making and transportation, came into use.