#Impact of industrial revolution in women and children: 1.Change in their lifestyle....it means that the women of low class get engaged in the labour work in different industries because before industrial revolution women usually did domestic work. 2.Increase the no. Of child labour due to which many of the childhood got destroyed by industrial work. 3.Due to the non-violent nature of chidren and women, they were exploited by owners.

The lord gave the knights a piece of land called fief and promised to protect it. The fief could be inherited. The knight might serve more than one lord but his foremost loyalty was to his own lord. In France ,from the twelfth century, minstrels travelled from manor to manor, singing songs which told stories -partly historical partly invented -about brave kings and knights. Many manors had a narrow balcony above the large hall where the people of the manor gathered for meals

The triangular slave trade was conducted between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Since the 17th century, French merchants travelled from the ports of Bordeaux and Nantes to Africa where they bought slaves from the local chieftains. From there, the slaves were branded, shackled and sent off to the Carribean to be sold off to the plantation owners there. Such exploitation of the slaves from Africa made it possible for the European markets to flourish with commodities like sufar, indigo and coffee

According to regional continuity model:​​
1) homo sapiens were distributed in different parts of the world.
2) the rate of evolution was different in different regions.
3) this created difference in physical appearance
According to replacement model:
1) all the forms of older man was replaced by modern man.
2) originated in Africa.
3) changes in physical apparance due to adaptation.

(a) Britain’s involvement in wars from 1793 and 1815 greatly affected its economy. Factories shut down and trade also suffered.
(b) Due to shutdown of factories workers became jobless. There was no capital formation and possibility of reinvestment during the war period.
(c) Britain had to borrow capital for carrying out its expenses during war. The prices of commodities also became very high.
(d) Moreover, Napoleon Bonaparte’s continental policy made the Britain to face the economic crisis. He blocked the trade market for Britain as a result of which goods from Britain could not reach the markets of other countries.
(e) There was an acute shortage of supply of commodities.

Town Planning: The discovery of the Sumerian city of Ur has shed light on the lives of the early Mesopotamians. The Mesopotamian cities fell short in terms of town planning as compared to the Harappan centres but followed a uniform pattern nevertheless. The city was divided into three parts - the sacred area, the walled city on a mound and the outer town. The sacred area consisted of the temple tower or the ziggurat dedicated to the patron god of the city. There were also smaller temples of other gods. This area also had the storehouse as well as the offices. People resided in the walled city and the outer town areas. Houses were constructed along the streets, and each house had a central courtyard with rooms attached around it.

Because Spanish and Portuguese two of the main language of the continent, are the part of the Latin family of languages

Prophet Muhammad

The nobility had a central role in social process because they controlled land. This control was the outcome of a practice called ‘vassalage’. The kings of France were linked to the people by ‘vassalage’. The big landowners (the nobles) were vassals of the king, and the peasants were vassals of the landowners. The noble enjoyed a privileged status. He had absolute control over his property, in perpetuity. He could raise troops called ‘feudal levies’. The lord held his own courts of justice and could even coin his own money. He was the lord of the people settled on his land. His owned vast tracts of land which contained his own dwellings, his private fields and pastures and the homes of his tenant-peasants.

The geographical features of Mesopotamia:- 1)green unculating palins are their in the north east of the country.these palins are gradually rising to tree covered mountain ranges.clear streams and wild flowers are also there in this part. 2)enough rainfall comes for growing good crops. 3)there is a strech of upland in the north which is known as steppe. Here animals herding is the main occupation of the people sheep and goats fedd on the grasses and low shrubs which grow here after the winter rains. 4) Tributaries of the tigri,to the east are goods means of transport. 5)One desert is there in the southern part of the country River Euphrates and Tigris flow in desert.These river rise in the northern mountain and carry loads of silt with them. When their water reaches the field then futile silt is deposited over there brought by these Rivers. 6)After entering the desert,the river Euphrates is divided into many small channels.In the past ,there channels funtioned as irrigation conals.

The Regional Continuity model of human origin asserts that modern Homo sapiens developed from different regional populations of archaic Homo sapiens that had previously evolved from regional populations of Homo erectus.

The replacement model asserts that there was a single origin of Homo sapiens in Africa and that these anatomically modern humans migrated out from Africa and replaced all other lesser-evolved humans throughout Europe and Asia.

Reasons why Cabral annex Brazil are Pope assigned the area of eastern part of south America to Portugal Another reason was timber ( Brazil wood)

Monarchy started and feudal lords involved them in administration