• The histories of Japan and China show how different historical conditions led them on widely divergent paths to building independent and modern nations.
• Japan was successful in retaining its independence and using traditional skills and practices in new ways.
• In the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) China faced a humiliating defeat. On 17 April 1895, Treaty of Shimonseki was signed between China and Japan, ending the First Sino-Japanese War.
• The Chinese became vulnerable after their defeat and declared that both China and Japan needed reforms for modernisation.
• Sino-Japanese war served the basis for the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1902.
• The Chinese path to modernisation was very different.
• Foreign imperialism, both Western and Japanese, combined with a hesitant and unsure Qing dynasty to weaken government control.
• The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw a rejection of traditions and a search for ways to build national unity and strength.

Olympiodorus was a writer, an historian and an ambassador in the early fifth century

The genetic information for this work came from a very large collection of gene frequencies for "classical" (non-DNA) polymorphisms of the world aborigines. The data were grouped in 42 populations studied for 120 alleles. The reconstruction of human evolutionary history thus generated was checked with statistical techniques such as "boot-strapping". It changes some earlier conclusions and is in agreement with more recent ones, including published and unpublished DNA-marker results. The first split in the phylogenetic tree separates Africans from non-Africans, and the second separates two major clusters, one corresponding to Caucasoids, East Asians, Arctic populations, and American natives, and the other to Southeast Asians (mainland and insular), Pacific islanders, and New Guineans and Australians. Average genetic distances between the most important clusters are proportional to archaeological separation times. Linguistic families correspond to groups of populations with very few, easily understood overlaps, and their origin can be given a time frame. Linguistic superfamilies show remarkable correspondence with the two major clusters, indicating considerable parallelism between genetic and linguistic evolution.

Qatar. With a GDP per capita of approximately $134,620, Qatar is not only the richest Arab country, but the richest nation worldwide. The nation has one of the largest oil and natural gas reserves. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 87% of Saudi budget revenues, 90% of export earnings, and 42% of GDP. Saudi Arabia's oil reserves and production are largely managed by the state-owned corporation Saudi Aramco. Another 40% of GDP comes from the private sector.

Homo is the Latin word for 'human' or 'man' and sapiens is derived from a Latin word that means 'wise' or 'astute'. The evolution of modern humans from our hominid ancestor is commonly considered as having involved four major steps: evolving terrestriality, bipedalism, a large brain (encephalization) and civilization. Cro Magnon is the first example of class Homo sapiens.

in palaeolithic age man was a food gatherer. but after many years when the mesolithic age began and now it was warm and there was plenty of food . then man saw how seeds grew into new plants . he then started farming and also reared animals like dog. this was how man changed from a food gatherer to a food producer.

During these years, people still used tools and weapons made of stone, but as they adapted from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle into farming, their uses changed and became multi-purpose. The axe was made from a process of striking and shaping rock, called flaking, for protection and for clearing fields. The Stone Age was a time thousands of years ago, when humans lived in caves and jungles. Life was simple, and there were only two main things to do – to protect themselves from the wild animals and to gather food. Since in those times, humans used stone for almost everything they did, hence the name Stone Age. Stone tools existed before the advent of controlled fire, but Stone Age humans combined the two technologies. They discovered that heating rocks around a fire brought out impurities, making the rocks easier to chip into stone tools.

The Hadza, or Hadzabe, are an indigenous ethnic group in north-central Tanzania, living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau.

The earliest hunter-gatherers in southern Africa were the San people. Hunter-gatherer societies hunt, fish and gather wild plants to survive. They also move around from place to place, following a nomadic way of life. A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals). Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers who did not change have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.

The movement of a plant in response to an external stimulus in which the direction of response is not determined by the direction of stimulus is called nastic movement.

The Roman style of history was based on the way that the Annals of the Pontifex Maximus, or the Annales Maximi, were recorded. The Annales Maximi include a wide array of information, including religious documents, names of consuls, deaths of priests, and various disasters throughout history. Titus Livius, commonly known as Livy, was a Roman historian best known for his work entitled Ab Urbe Condita, which is a history of Rome "from the founding of the city". He was born in Patavium, which is modern day Padua, in 59 BC and he died there in 17 AD. The Lasting Contributions of Rome. During the early years, Rome was a republic where Roman citizens elected their leaders and created a senate. Branches of the government were balanced in power. This was one of Rome's first attempts at democracy.

The word "settler" is used for the Dutch in South Africa, the British in Ireland, New Zealand and Australia, and the Europeans in America. The official language in these colonies was English (except in Canada, where French is also an official language).