Mesopotamia is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the  Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the , in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern TurkeyTurkish–Syrian , Iran–Iraq borders

The Regional Continuity model of human origin asserts that modern Homo sapiens developed from different regional populations of archaic Homo sapiens that had previously evolved from regional populations of Homo erectus.

The replacement model asserts that there was a single origin of Homo sapiens in Africa and that these anatomically modern humans migrated out from Africa and replaced all other lesser-evolved humans throughout Europe and Asia.

The Industrial Revolution had many positive effects. Among those was an increase in wealth, the production of goods, and the standard of living. People had access to healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper goods. In addition, education increased during the Industrial Revolution. Many different factors contributed to the rise of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The new inventions, access to raw materials, trade routes and partners, social changes, and a stable government all paved the way for Britain to become an industry-driven country.

The use of oxen and horses allowed people to sow crops over a much larger area than they were originally able to do by hand. The domestication of dogs and cats protected humans from attack and protected their food from rodents. Animals are used for transportation, for sport, for recreation, and for companionship. Animals are also used to learn more about living things and about the illnesses that afflict human beings and other animals. By studying animals, it is possible to obtain information that cannot be learned in any other way.

Animals are used for transportation, for sport, for recreation, and for companionship. Animals are also used to learn more about living things and about the illnesses that afflict human beings and other animals. By studying animals, it is possible to obtain information that cannot be learned in any other way. The use of oxen and horses allowed people to sow crops over a much larger area than they were originally able to do by hand. The domestication of dogs and cats protected humans from attack and protected their food from rodents.

The use of oxen and horses allowed people to sow crops over a much larger area than they were originally able to do by hand. The domestication of dogs and cats protected humans from attack and protected their food from rodents. Human uses of animals include both practical uses, such as the production of food and clothing, and symbolic uses, such as in art, literature, mythology, and religion. All of these are elements of culture, broadly understood. Animals used in these ways include fish, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, mammals and birds.

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment from the macro level of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the micro level of construction details and, sometimes, furniture. Architecture began the first time humans built anything to live in. The Great Wall of China was begun around 25 BC, and in the 1st century BC the Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote De Architectura, the first classic work on the art of architecture.

Great Cities of Mesopotamia

• Uruk. Uruk was one of the first major cities in the history of the world.
• Akkad. The city of Akkad was the center of the world's first empire, the Akkadian Empire

• The histories of Japan and China show how different historical conditions led them on widely divergent paths to building independent and modern nations.
• Japan was successful in retaining its independence and using traditional skills and practices in new ways.
• In the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) China faced a humiliating defeat. On 17 April 1895, Treaty of Shimonseki was signed between China and Japan, ending the First Sino-Japanese War.
• The Chinese became vulnerable after their defeat and declared that both China and Japan needed reforms for modernisation.
• Sino-Japanese war served the basis for the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1902.
• The Chinese path to modernisation was very different.
• Foreign imperialism, both Western and Japanese, combined with a hesitant and unsure Qing dynasty to weaken government control.
• The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw a rejection of traditions and a search for ways to build national unity and strength.

Olympiodorus was a writer, an historian and an ambassador in the early fifth century

The genetic information for this work came from a very large collection of gene frequencies for "classical" (non-DNA) polymorphisms of the world aborigines. The data were grouped in 42 populations studied for 120 alleles. The reconstruction of human evolutionary history thus generated was checked with statistical techniques such as "boot-strapping". It changes some earlier conclusions and is in agreement with more recent ones, including published and unpublished DNA-marker results. The first split in the phylogenetic tree separates Africans from non-Africans, and the second separates two major clusters, one corresponding to Caucasoids, East Asians, Arctic populations, and American natives, and the other to Southeast Asians (mainland and insular), Pacific islanders, and New Guineans and Australians. Average genetic distances between the most important clusters are proportional to archaeological separation times. Linguistic families correspond to groups of populations with very few, easily understood overlaps, and their origin can be given a time frame. Linguistic superfamilies show remarkable correspondence with the two major clusters, indicating considerable parallelism between genetic and linguistic evolution.

Qatar. With a GDP per capita of approximately $134,620, Qatar is not only the richest Arab country, but the richest nation worldwide. The nation has one of the largest oil and natural gas reserves. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 87% of Saudi budget revenues, 90% of export earnings, and 42% of GDP. Saudi Arabia's oil reserves and production are largely managed by the state-owned corporation Saudi Aramco. Another 40% of GDP comes from the private sector.

Homo is the Latin word for 'human' or 'man' and sapiens is derived from a Latin word that means 'wise' or 'astute'. The evolution of modern humans from our hominid ancestor is commonly considered as having involved four major steps: evolving terrestriality, bipedalism, a large brain (encephalization) and civilization. Cro Magnon is the first example of class Homo sapiens.

in palaeolithic age man was a food gatherer. but after many years when the mesolithic age began and now it was warm and there was plenty of food . then man saw how seeds grew into new plants . he then started farming and also reared animals like dog. this was how man changed from a food gatherer to a food producer.

During these years, people still used tools and weapons made of stone, but as they adapted from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle into farming, their uses changed and became multi-purpose. The axe was made from a process of striking and shaping rock, called flaking, for protection and for clearing fields. The Stone Age was a time thousands of years ago, when humans lived in caves and jungles. Life was simple, and there were only two main things to do – to protect themselves from the wild animals and to gather food. Since in those times, humans used stone for almost everything they did, hence the name Stone Age. Stone tools existed before the advent of controlled fire, but Stone Age humans combined the two technologies. They discovered that heating rocks around a fire brought out impurities, making the rocks easier to chip into stone tools.