Public baths were a striking feature of Roman urban life (when one Iranian ruler tried to introduce then into Iran, he encountered the wrath of the clergy there! Water was a sacred element and to use it for public bathing may have seemed a desecration to them), and urban populations also enjoyed a much higher level of entertainment.
For example, one calendar tells us that spectacular (shows) filled no less than 176 days of the year.

The administration of Rome was guided by a constitution. As per the provision of this constitution, the military administration and the highest executive administration was vested with two Consuls. ... That is why they appointed two consuls. Both of them were cautious about their power. In Roman society, the aristocrats were known as patricians. The highest positions in the government were held by two consuls, or leaders, who ruled the Roman Republic. A senate composed of patricians elected these consuls. At this time, lower-class citizens, or plebeians, had virtually no say in the government.

The Republic represented the government of the nobility, exercised through the body called the Senate. The Republic lasted from 509 BCE to 27 BCE, when it was overthrown by Octavian, the adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar

The Roman style of history was based on the way that the Annals of the Pontifex Maximus, or the Annales Maximi, were recorded. The Annales Maximi include a wide array of information, including religious documents, names of consuls, deaths of priests, and various disasters throughout history. Historical sources are the sum total of all evidence left behind by past human society which help in reconstructing history. For studying the details of past cultures, historians depend a lot upon historical sources to tease information out of them.

Division of Roman Empire: 

• The Roman Empire can broadly be divided into two phases, ‘early’ and‘late’, divided by the third century as a sort of historical watershed between them.
• In other words, the whole period from the beginning of Roman Empire to the main part of the third century can be called the ‘early empire’, and the period from the third century to the end called the ‘late empire’ or ‘late antiquity’.

The three orders are three social categories: Christian priests, landowning nobles and peasants.The term ‘feudalism’ has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era.
 

First Order

Priests (The Clergy)

– The Catholic Church

– Europe guided by bishops and clerics.

– Pope lived in Rome

– Women could not be become priests

– Monks – The church and Society

Second Order

Nobles

– Vassals of the king

– They enjoyed a privileged status

– Absolute control over property

– Could raise troops

– Even coin his own money

Third Order

– Peasants

– Free peasants and serfs

– Serfs cultivated plots of land, but these belonged to the lord.

The emperor, the aristocracyand the army were the "three main players" in the political history of the empire. The success of individual emperors dependedon their control of the army, and when thearmies were divided, the result usually was civil war. Except for one notorious year , when four emperorsmounted the throne in quick succession, the first two centuries werefree from civil war.

Roman Empire:

1. Roman empire extended from Spain to Syria along the Mediterranean.
2. It had more of a diverse population in looking into its geographical expanse . It was characterised by many cultures but had common government with single ruler/emperor.
3. Greek and latin languages were used for adminstrative purposes.

Iranian empire:

1. It controlled major part of the  Caspian sea, large parts of Afghanistan and eastern Arabia.
2. The Parthians and Sasanians dynasties,ruled over the people of Iran. It was not as diverse as the Roman empire.
3. People spoke Persain language.
    

Islamic decoration and architecture is very similar to the Byzantine Empire as well. The heavy use of marble and gold mosaics. The important of covering a woman's skin up and veiling her in Islam came directly from the Byzantine Empire. Poetry was also hugely impacted in Islam by Byzantine. These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading, the Islamic Golden Age, and the Age of the Islamic Gunpowders, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. One reason was to spread the Islamic faith throughout the world. They were successful in the Sassanid region (and beyond), but only partially successful in the Byzantine Empire and later in Western Europe. Land grab and war booty. These were weak (Rome and Sassanids) and right for a grab.

Rise of ‘Fourth Order’ – New Towns and Townspeople

• Expansion in agriculture was accompanied by growth in three related areas: population, trade and towns.
• The towns of the Roman Empire had become deserted and ruined after its fall. But from the eleventh century, as agriculture increased and became able to sustain higher levels of population, towns began to grow again
• Towns offered the prospect of paid work and freedom from the lord’s control, for young people from peasant families.
• The bigger towns had populations of about 30,000. They could be said to have formed a ‘fourth’ order.

A medieval town would seek a charter giving it the right to become a borough . The rich merchants would then be allowed to choose a mayor and hold a market. ... The streets of a medieval town were narrow and busy. They were noisy, with the town crier, church bells, and traders calling out their wares. By the High Middle Ages, towns were growing again. One reason for their growth was improvements in agriculture. Farmers were clearing forests and adopting better farming methods. As a result, they had a surplus of crops to sell in town markets.

Under feudalism, peasants lived in a state of serfdom, a condition that essentially turned them into rural slaves. The rigid and cruel medieval system of law and order that accompanied feudalism succeeded as a tool for social control and largely prevented peasant resistance or rebellion. At the bottom of the feudal system social hierarchy are the peasants and the serfs. ... The peasants divided the land in narrow strips for each family. This way, everyone got a share of the good land and the poor land. A fief typically needed dozens of peasant families to maintain it, grow crops, and raise livestock.

When William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066 he introduced a new kind of feudal system into Britain. William confiscated the land in England from the Saxon lords and allocated it to members of his own family and the Norman lords who had helped him conquer the country. Feudalism was introduced in England in 1066 following the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror who was crowned King William I of England introduced Feudalism to England. Feudalism was based on the exchange of land for military service.

The Term "feudalism" has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era.

Northern Mesopotamia is made up of hills and plains. The land is quite fertile due to seasonal rains, and the rivers and streams flowing from the mountains. Early settlers farmed the land and used timber, metals and stone from the mountains nearby. Ancient Mesopotamia was located in a piece of the "The Fertile Crescent." It was located in an area now known as southern Iraq. The city of Mesopotamia was about 300 miles long and 150 miles wide. It was located between two rivers which were referred to by the ancient Greeks as the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

Tepe Gawra is an ancient Mesopotamian settlement in the Mosul region of northwest Iraq that was occupied between 5000 and 1500 BC. It contains remains from the Halaf period, the Ubaid period, and the Uruk period (4000–3100 BC). Tepe Gawra contains material relating to the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period c. 5,500–5,000 BC. A brief exploratory dig was performed by Austen Layard before 1850. The site was formally excavated in 1927, 1931, and 1932 for a total of 8 months by archaeologists from a joint expedition of the University of Pennsylvania and the American Schools of Oriental Research, led by Ephraim Avigdor Speiser.

In 2001, Mitchell Rothman reanalyzed the data from previous excavations that did not use precise stratigraphic techniques. He considerably clarified the stratigraphy of the site.

The Indus people were greatly reliant on trade. They traded with many different civilizations like Persia, Mesopotamia and China. They were also known to trade in the Arabian Gulf region, central parts of Asia, portions of Afghanistan and northern and western India. Other trade goods included terracotta pots, gold, silver, metals, beads, flints for making tools, seashells, pearls, and colored gem stones, such as lapis lazuli and turquoise. There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations. 

Harappan Civilization :-
Harappan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization, mainly in the North-Western regions of South Asia, extending from today's North-Eastern Afghanistan to Pakistan, and North-Western India. It was one of the oldest civilizations of the world.

Mesopotamian Civilization :-
The Mesopotamian civilization was a historical region situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system, in today's most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the Eastern part of Syria, South-Eastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran-Iraq borders. It was also one of the oldest civilizations of the world.

Difference Between Harappan and Mesopotamian Civilization -

1) In Harappan civilization, the houses were built to the East of citadel while in Mesopotamian civilization, the houses were built around distinct palaces and temples & dedicated to the patron Gods or Goddesses.

2) Most of the Harappan people lived in small villages while most of the Mesopotamians lived in cities and towns.

3) The Harappans had walls built to protect their houses while the Mesopotamians had walls built to protect their cities and town.

4) The Harppan people were peaceful in comparison to the Mesopotamians.

5) The Harappans traded in cotton, beads, other art and jewellery while the Mesopotamians traded in precious stones.

6)The Hrappans grew melons, lettuce, and general fruits and vegetables that they ate while the Mesopotamians grew flex and used it for oil, net, cloth & food.

7) As far as the technology is concerned, the Harappans established exact measurement and weighing system while the Mesopotamians first created the wheel.