• The first steam locomotive, Stephenson’s Rocket, appeared in 1814.
• Richard Trevithick devised an engine – the ‘Puffing Devil’ in 1801 and a locomotive – ‘The Blutcher’ in 1814.
• The First railway line ran between Stockton and Darlington..
• The ‘little railway mania’ prevailed from 1833 to 1837 and the bigger ‘mania’ from 1844 to 1847.

Q u e s t i o n : Write the names of some new machineries and technologies.
A n s w e r:
Flying shuttle loom, spinning jenny, water frame, steam engine, etc.

‘Sharia’ is a body of Islamic sacred laws derived from the ‘Quran’, and the ‘Hadith’.

A n s w e r:

Hominoids were the subgroup of primates.
They came into existence about 24 mya.
Characteris t i c s

They had smaller brain.
They were unable to walk erect.

Among the strongest of the Sumerian city states were Ur and Uruk. Ur was situates near the Persian gulf and profited from maritime trade with civilizations to the east. Uruk had more than 50,00 inhabitants

A city in the Roman Empire was better equipped to deal with food shortage. The city life was good; in terms of public facilities. Public baths were numerous in cities. People were also spoilt for choice because of facilities of entertainment. Hence, I would have preferred to live in a town rather than in the countryside of the Roman Empire.

The city of Babylon had played an outstanding role in the ancient history of Mesopotamia. It was Akkad ruler, Sargon, who ruled from 2370 to 2315 BCE. Being situated on the north-west bank of river Tigris it made tremendous progress under Humurabiera. Babylon witnessed the emergence of glorious era of its history under Keldian ruler Nabopolassor. At that time, it covered an area of more than 850 hectares. Some magnificent features of Babylon were as follows:

• A triple wall was constructed all-around the city to safeguard it from any foreign threat.
• A massivq Ziggurat was the main center of attraction in Babylon.
• It was also a famous commercial center.
• The city had also made a tremendous progress in the field of language, literature, science, medicine, etc.

Mesopotamian society the nuclear family was the norm, although a married son and his family often resided with his parents. The father was the head of the family.

• A ruling elite had emerged
• Had a major share of wealth
• Followed nuclear family system and  patriarchal system
• Condition of women
• System of marriages

Town Planning: The discovery of the Sumerian city of Ur has shed light on the lives of the early Mesopotamians. The Mesopotamian cities fell short in terms of town planning as compared to the Harappan centres but followed a uniform pattern nevertheless. The city was divided into three parts - the sacred area, the walled city on a mound and the outer town. The sacred area consisted of the temple tower or the <i>ziggurat </i>dedicated to the patron god of the city. There were also smaller temples of other gods. This area also had the storehouse as well as the offices. People resided in the walled city and the outer town areas. Houses were constructed along the streets, and each house had a central courtyard with rooms attached around it.

The legacy of Mesopotamia to the world
a. The legacy of Mesopotamia is very rich and massive spreading throughout the world.
b. The future civilizations imbibed the legacy of Mesopotamia and the legacy set a precedent for the civilization.

c. The land of Mesopotamia left the legacies of urbanization, 

The postulation that Allah (the name of God in Islam) historically originates as the moon deity Al-Lat (who was worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia) originates in early 20th-century scholarship, most prominently advocated by American evangelicals from the 1990s. In mythology, a lunar deity is a god or goddess of the Moon, sometimes as a personification. These deities can have a variety of functions and traditions depending upon the culture, but they are often related. Some form of Moon worship can be found in most ancient religions.

The division of labor is a mark of urban life. There must be a social organization in place. Organized trade and storage is needed because of need of various raw materials for manufacturers in the city. Many different activities need to be coordinated. In such a system, some people give commands that other obey. Urban economies often require keeping of written records.

1. The earliest cities emerged around temples, some cities developed as centres of trade and some were imperial cities.Early settlers began to build and rebuild temples at selected spots in their villages.
2.  The earliest known temple was a small shrine made of unbaked bricks. Temples were the residences of various gods: Moon God and sun God or the Goddess of Love and War.
3. Temples became larger over time, with several rooms around open courtyards. Some of the early ones were possibly not unlike the ordinary house but temples always had their outer walls going in and out at regular intervals, which no ordinary building ever had.
4. The god was the focus of worship: to him or her people brought grain, curd and fish. The god was also the theoretical owner of the agricultural fields,the fisheries, and the herds of the local community.