. Industrialisation changed the form of urbanisation in the modern period.
. The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large number of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late 18th century.
. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.
. London was a colossal city and its population expanded four-fold from 1 million to 4 million; as the Industrial Revolution attracted more and more people.

Crusades were the holy wars that were fought between the Muslims and the Christians for taking control of the ancient holy sites. 

• It led to the decline of feudalism in Europe
• While fighting holy wars against the Turkish Muslims, the crusaders learnt the use of guns and gunpowder. This discovery greatly undermined the importance of feudal lords and armoured knights.
• It now became difficult for them to defy the authority of the king, leading to the decline of feudalism and the consolidation of the powers of the king. 
• When the Europeans went to Asia to fight crusades, they learned several new ideas from the Muslims. It also increased the desire for trade with other parts of the world. This lead to the rise of the merchant class and the end of serfdom.
• The crusaders in their fight with the Muslims came into contact with several manuscripts pertaining to the Roman and Greek culture. Thus, began the process of learning these cultures leading to the beginning of the Renaissance in Europe.
• As a result of the Crusades, direct trade contacts were opened between the East and West. Trade began to flourish and the European economy started to improve.
•  As traders, bankers and artisans began to pay taxes, the wealth and the power of the king improved.

The Islamic prophet Muhammad came to Medina following the migration of his followers in what is known as the Hijra (migration to Medina) in 622. He had been invited to Medina by city leaders to adjudicate disputes between clans from which the city suffered. He left Medina to return to and conquer Mecca in December 629.

The term ‘Abbasid revolution’ refers to the Dawa Movement initiated by Abu Muslim from Khurasan against the Umayyad dynasty. This revolution put an end to the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from 661 to 750. With the fall of Umayyad dynasty in 750, the Abbasid came to power and ruled till 1258.

The Term "feudalism" has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era.

The feudal system was a pyramidal or a hierarchical system which flourished during medieval period in Europe. Its four main features were:

• The king was at the topmost level of the feudal system. Below him were nobles known as barons followed by knights.
• The serfs or the peasants occupied the lowest strata in the feudal system.
• The Castle was the chief characteristic of feudalism. The feudal Lords lived in huge castles or forts. The living house and court of the Lord existed inside the castle.
• The king gave lands to barons and the latter provided troops to the King.

The Crusades had a bitter impact on the Muslim-Christian relations. The horrors of wars forced the Muslims to constrain all ties with the Christians. The need to protect the areas inhabited by mixed populations compelled the Muslims to further act more strictly with the Christians.

Apart from violence and terror, the Crusades had some positive impacts too. The Crusades gave a huge boost to commerce. The long-drawn-out wars created a constant need for the transportation of men and goods from the East to the West and vice versa. Goods from Damascus, Alexandria and Cairo flowed into the sea ports of Italy to be further shipped to Europe. The trading activities helped in increasing the influence of the Italian mercantile class on international trade. Thus, we can say that the Crusades had diverse effects on both Asia and Europe.

Renaissance meant revival of the ancient Greek and Latin culture. It first began in Italy, followed by Rome, Venice and Florence. The term 'Renaissance Man' is often used to describe a person with many interests and skills, because many of the individuals who became well known at this time were people of many parts.

The gender differences in ancient Roman society through historical records, paintings, statues and writings found during archaeological excavations.

1. Girls get married much earlier than man. They get married as early as the age 12.

2. The father gets the custody of children and not the mother in case of divorce.

3. Education was important to both male and female but it was limited in women.

4. Women don't have direct political power like men.

5. Women have limited public life. They are discouraged to speak in public gatherings.

The extinct ancient human Homo erectus is a species of firsts. It was the first of our relatives to have human-like body proportions, with shorter arms and longer legs relative to its torso. It was also the first known hominin to migrate out of Africa, and possibly the first to cook food. Homo erectus is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago, and its specimens are among the first recognisable members of the genus Homo.

In the later fifth and sixth centuries, the Southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine became major exporters of wine and olive oil.

The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main players in the political history of the empire.

Rabia was the first woman Sufi saint. She was deeply religious. Her teachings had a deep impact on the heart and mind of the people.

The founder of Islam was Prophet Muhammad. 

Transhumanism is a class of philosophies of life that seek the continuation and acceleration of the evolution of intelligent life beyond its currently human form and human limitations by means of science and technology, guided by life-promoting principles and values.

The three orders are three social categories: Christian priests, landowning nobles and peasants. The term 'feudalism' has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era. Medieval society in Europe was divided into three orders (groups of people): those who work, those who fight, and those who pray. The people who work consisted of serfs and other peasants who lived on their lord's manor. Serfs were peasants who were owned by a lord.