• Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body per unit mass.
• It depends on:-
• Nature of substance
• Temperature
• Denoted by ‘s’

 Mathematically:-

s= (ΔQ /mΔT)

• where m= mass of the body
• ΔQ = amount of heat absorbed or rejected by the substance
• ΔT= temperature change

The earthquake waves develop shadow zones because:
(i)The P and S waves follow a curved path in the interior of the earth which proves that the density increases inside the
earth.
(ii)P and S waves are recorded along the surface near the focus of the earthquake. Beyond the depth of 2900 km ‘S’ wave
disappear and P waves travel with reduced velocity
(iii)On reaching the core ‘S’ waves disappear and P waves are refracted as a result there is no wave for a distance. This
area is known as shadow zone. Normally it is found between 105° to 145°.

An interchange of air between the land and oceans due to unequal heating and cooling of continents and oceans is known as monsoon winds.

Our Indian economy is highly dependent on agriculture and our agriculture is dependent on the monsoon rains every year. In case the monsoon is favorable then we have a positive impact in our economy. The crops grown in different part of the country are largely dependent on the amount of rainfall in these respective areas. Indian economy is largely dependent on the wills of the nature and every year there is an uncertainty. If the monsoon fails over a wider part of the country then the result will be famine.

Continental shelf:
i. The continental shelf is the extended margin of each continent occupied by relatively shallow seas and gulfs. It is the
shallowest part of the ocean showing an average gradient of 1° or even less.
ii. The shelf typically ends at a very steep slope, called the shelf break. The width of the continental shelves vary from
one ocean to another.
iii. The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km. The shelves are almost absent or very narrow along some of
the margins like the coasts of Chile, the west coast of Sumatra, etc.
iv. On the contrary, the Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean, the largest in the world, stretches to 1,500 km in width. The
depth of the shelves also varies. It may be as shallow as 30 m in some areas while in some areas it is as deep as 600 m.
v. The continental shelves are covered with variable thicknesses of sediments brought down by rivers, glaciers, wind,
from the land and distributed by waves and currents. Massive sedimentary deposits received over a long time by the
continental shelves, become the source of fossil fuels.

Alexander Von Humboldt, a German Geographer had introduced systematic geography.

Forest conservation as the name suggests is the preservation and the protection of forests. It also involves the reversal of deforestation and environmental pollution. The preservation of all natural resources is absolutely essential for the balance of our ecosystem.

Littoral forests and Swamp forests are also called the wetland forests. India has rich variety of these type of forest. They are mainly found in reservoirs of Deccan Plateau, saline coast of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Gulf of Kutch, Eastern Coast Deltas, lakes and Rivers of Kashmir and Ladakh, Swamps in North East India.

"Chinook" is an Arapaho Indian word meaning "snow eater." This name is appropriate for this wind because chinook winds bring a dramatic warming to winter-weary regions and melt snow in their path. Chinooks are dry; they may have less than 5 percent relative humidity, that is, 5 percent of the amount of water vapor possible relative to temperature, so they rapidly vaporize melted snow. A chinook can erase all signs of a foot-deep cover of snow in just a few hours.