The monsoons strangely affect the climate of India. To understand the mechanism of the Indian monsoon, it is first important to understand the few facts.
The Indian monsoon is characterized by the following three dominant factors :
(i) Seasonal reversal of direction in wind system. The monsoon winds blow from land to sea in winter and from sea to land in summer.
(ii) Seasonal heavy rainfall and drought are common features of the Indian monsoon.
(iii) In spite of local variations in climatic conditions, it unites the whole country in a single climatic thread of monsoon type of climate.
                           

Georges Lemaitre (1927) had proposed a model for origin of the universe which became the Big Bang theory. The Big Bang theory explains the origin of universe, with the key idea that the universe is expanding. In the past, the universe was denser and hotter. All of space was contained in a single point, which is considered the inception of the universe. After the initial expansion, the universe freezes that allowed the creation of subatomic particles, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The majority of atoms formed were hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Huge clouds of these primal elements later fused through gravity to form stars and galaxies. The massive elements were synthesized either within stars or during supernova. Hence, the Big Bang theory does not explain the initial condition of the universe, but instead it describes the general evolution of the universe.

Types of Tides

Spring Tides: During the full moon and new moon days, the sun, the earth and the moon are in the same line and the tides are the highest. These tides are called spring tides.

Neap Tide: When the moon is in its first and third quarters, the ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of the sun and the earth. This results in low tides; called neap tides.

The terrestrial planets are rocky because they are earth-like and are made up of rocks and metals and have relatively high densities.

Terrestial planets are similar to earth in composition heat from the sun evaporated lightweight elements like hydrogen,helium into interplanetary space. Mostly rock and metal was left in this zone and clumped together to form the inner rockey planets.

A jet stream is a band of fast-moving wind that is high up in the atmosphere. Jet streams form at the boundaries between hot and cold air masses and tend to be westerly, which means they blow from the west to the east.

Map Work of features based on above units for locating and labelling on the Outline/Political/Physical

map of India.
Part – C: Practical Work

Unit-1: Fundamentals of Maps

• Geo spatial data, Concept of Geographical data matrix; Point, line, area data.
• Maps -types; scales-types; construction of simple linear scale, measuring distance; finding direction and use of symbols.
• Map projection- Latitude, longitude and time, typology, construction and properties of projection: Conical with one standard parallel and Mercator’s projection. (only twoprojections)

Unit 2: Topographic and Weather Maps

• Study of topographic maps (1 : 50,000 or 1 : 25,000 Survey of India maps); contour cross section and identification of landforms-slopes, hills, valleys, waterfall, cliffs; distribution of settlements.
• Aerial Photographs: Types and Geometry-vertical aerial photographs; difference between maps and aerial photographs; photo scale determination. Identification of physical and cultural features.
• Satellite imageries, stages in remote sensing data-acquisition, platform and sensors and data products, (photographic and digital).
• Use of weather instruments: thermometer, wet and dry-bulb thermometer, barometer, wind vane, rain gauge.

Over the land the temperature decreases sharply and the isotherm bend towards south in Europe. The mean January temperature between 80°N and 50°N is minus 20°C and the temperature in July is more than 10°C. That is why annual range of temperature is very high.