P-WAVE: the P-wave is the fastest of all seismic waves.when an earthquake occurs ,this wave is the first to arrive at a recording station,it can travel through solids,liquids and gases.it’s speed is somehow 13–17 km/sec.

S-WAVE:the S-wave is the second fastest of all seismic waves when an earthquake occurs .it can’t travel through liquids.

RAYLEIGH-WAVE: R-wave ,it’s speed is 0.91*speed of s-wave.the particle motion is combination of the P-and SV-vibrations.the particle motion describes “retrograde ellipse” in the vertical plane.

LOVE-WAVE:L-wave is dispersive in nature,because they can only propagate in a velocity -layered medium.particle motion is SH -motion,it has high amplitude.

Rayleigh Wave is most dangerous wave because of its behaviour of rolling movements.

Scarcity of water means shortage of water, an imbalance between demand and supply. Causes or the factors responsible for water scarcity are as follows:
1. growing population which is the main cause of water scarcity.
2. urbanization and industrialization which have increased the consumption of water.
3. wastage and injudicious use of water.
4. over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources.
5. unequal access to water resources.
6. in post green revolution era, the commercial crops which are grown more, consume more water.

Western Jet Streams: The upper air westerly jet streams are extended up to 20°N-35°N (Nagpur, Raipur latitudes) due to equator-ward shift of upper air north polar whirl during northern winter (October to February). In the winter season, the upper air westerly jet streams are bifurcated into two branches due to physical obstruction of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region. They usually influence the weather of the north and north-western regions of India.

Eastern Jet Stream: The tropical easterly jet stream extends far to the north of Tibet. An easterly jet stream, called the sub-tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India, approximately over 14°N during the summer months. It is the main causative factor for determining the vigour of the summer monsoon in India. In Ealry June, the North eastern Indian states receive rainfall due to the effects of the easterly jet streams.

Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall because the aravali ranges lie parallel to the Arabian sea branch. 
And because they do not cause any obstruction to the rain bearing winds, it dies not receive any rainfall.
Even bay of bengal branch is not able to reach the area, so again it doesn't receive rainfall from those winds. 
If by chance they reach, they are left with very little rainfall because it had already lost its water gained from the ocean in the eastern area.

• The river Indus originates in Tibet; near Lake Mansarowar. It enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu & Kashmir.
• Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok and Hunza are the main tributaries which join the Indus in Kashmir region.
• After flowing through Baltistan and Gilgit, the Indus emerges from the mountains at Attock.
• Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum join together and enter the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan. After that, the Indus flows southwards and finally reaches the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi.
• Indus is 2900 km long. The Indus plain has a very gentle slope. A little over one-third of the Indus basin is located in India; in the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The rest of the portion is in Pakistan.

Haloclines:
i. Haloclines are a type of chemocline, which means that the chemical makeup of the cline is what makes it different from the surrounding water. Specifically, a halocline has a different level of salinity than the rest of the body of water.
ii. Usually the halocline is the layer that has a much higher level of salinity than the layers above and below it. This high level of salinity also makes the layer denser.
iii. Haloclines are found in many areas around the world. They are common in the oceans, especially in colder regions, where cold water with a lower salinity ‘floats’ on top of the saltier, warmer layer. These layers are also common in areas where freshwater and saltwater come together.
Thermoclines:
i. Thermoclines are layers in which the temperature of the water changes at a much faster rate than in the surrounding water.
ii. The thermocline forms where the warm and cold layers slowly mix. As the sun sets or rises, the top layer heats and cools, causing the mixed layer to rapidly change in temperature.Thermoclines occur due to a variety of reasons, including seasonal changes, currents and weather.

An Act to provide for the protection ofWild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is an Actof the Parliament of India enacted forprotection of plants and animal species.

Igneous Rock: Igneous rock is one of the three main rock types. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.

Sedimentary Rock: Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material within bodies of water and at the surface of the earth. The process that causes various organic materials and minerals to settle in a place is termed as sedimentation.