Gulf and Strait are two important geographical features on earth's surface. ... A gulf is a deep inlet of the sea, surrounded by land,with a narrow mouth whereas a strait is a narrow waterway that connects tow large water bodies. This is the main difference between gulf and strait.

Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials which develop on the earth’s surface.

IMPORTANCE OF SOILS
1. Provide support & nutrients to the plants
2. Plants provide food and clothes are grown over the soils
3. Provide shelter to microorganisms
4. Supply nutrients to plants.

THERE ARE THREE STAGES OF THE FORMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
I .IN THE FIRST STAGE: the early atmosphere consist of hydrogen and helium. loss of primordial atmosphere due to solar winds
II. IN THE SECOND STAGE: Gases were released from the earth’s interior such as Water vapor and other gases. There were water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide methane, ammonia and little free oxygen. The process of outpouring the gases from the interior of the earth is called degassing. Volcanic eruptions contributed the water vapor and CO₂. The CO₂. Disolved in the rainwater and converted into acid rain. Rainwater collected into the depressions called oceans. The oceans were formed about 4000 m y a. The life began to evolve about 3.8 b y a. The photosynthesis evolved about 2500 to 3000 my oceans began to contribute oxygen to the atmosphere. oceans were saturated with oxygen and flooded into the atmosphere.
III IN THIRD STAGE: Living organisms changed the composition of the atmosphere due to photosynthesis

A light-year is defined as the measurement of length or the distance light travels in a vacuum in a year. One light-year is close to 6 trillion miles.

Example of a light-year

• Reflected sunlight travelling from the moon’s surface takes 4.04 × 10^-8 light-years to reach the earth.
• It takes 1.58 × 10^-5 light-years for light from the Sun to reach the earth.

When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago from a hot mix of gases and solids, it had almost no atmosphere. The surface was molten. As Earth cooled, an atmosphere formed mainly from gases spewed from volcanoes. It included hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ten to 200 times as much carbon dioxide as today's atmosphere. The atmosphere can be divided into layers based on its temperature. These layers are the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the thermosphere. A further region, beginning about 500 km above the Earth's surface, is called the exosphere. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and other gases similar to the ones produced by volcanoes today were expelled. Over a vast amount of time, millions of years, the earth gradually cooled. ... From these clouds, the oceans formed and the oceans absorbed a lot of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

1. While the terrestrial planets are made of solid surfaces, the jovian planets are made of gaseous surfaces.

2. When comparing the size, the jovian planets are much larger than the terrestrial planets.

3. While the atmosphere of terrestrial planets is composed mainly of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, hydrogen and helium are found in abundance in the atmosphere of jovian planets.

4. The core of the jovian planets is more dense than the terrestrial planets.

5. The jovian planets are far away from the sun.

The leading theory of the Moon's origin is that a Mars-sized body collided with Earth approximately 4.5 billion years ago, and the resulting debris from both Earth and the impactor accumulated to form our natural satellite. The newly formed Moon was in a molten state. The origin of the Moon is usually explained by a Mars-sized body striking the Earth, making a debris ring that eventually collected into a single natural satellite, the Moon, but there are a number of variations on this giant-impact hypothesis, as well as alternative explanations, and research continues into how the Moon came to be. Other proposed scenarios include captured body, fission, formed together (condensation theory, Synestia), planetesimal collisions (formed from asteroid-like bodies), and collision theories.

In our Solar System, astronomers often divide the planets into two groups — the inner planets and the outer planets. The inner planets are closer to the Sun and are smaller and rockier. The outer planets are further away, larger and made up mostly of gas. There are eight planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

The formation of stars are explained below:
(i)The distribution of matter and energy was not even in the early universe. These initial density differences gave rise to differences in gravitational forces and it caused the matter to get drawn together. These formed the base for development of galaxies. 
(iii)Eventually, growing nebula develops localised clumps of gas.These clumps continue to grow into even denser gaseous bodies, giving rise to formation of stars. The formation of stars is believed to have taken place some 5-6 billion years ago.

When earth was first formed, its atmosphere was likely composed of hydrogen, helium, and other gases that contained hydrogen.Over a vast amount of time, millions of years, the earth gradually cooled. When the temperature dropped enough, water vapor condensed and went from a gas to liquid form. This created clouds.

The process through which the gases were outpoured from the interior is called degassing.

As such, the human–nature relationship goes beyond the extent to which an individual believes or feels they are part of nature. It can also be understood as, and inclusive of, our adaptive synergy with nature as well as our longstanding actions and experiences that connect us to nature. Although humans are part of nature, human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena. The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant "birth".

A body wave is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth, as opposed to surface waves that travel near the earth's surface. Body waves are of two types: compressional or primary (P) waves and shear or secondary (S) waves. P- and S- waves are called "body waves" because they can travel through the interior of a body such as the Earth's inner layers, from the focus of an earthquake to distant points on the surface.

In broad terms, direct sources are those that provide first-hand information about events. ... In scientific disciplines, experiments are the most common direct source; in other disciplines, surveys and interviews, or research into written and oral records of events provide direct access to information. The knowledge about interior of the earth is obtained through direct sources and indirect sources. Direct sources include rock materials from mining areas and molten magma from volcanic eruptions. Besides, scientists are working on “Deep Ocean drilling Project” and “Integrated Ocean Drilling Project”.

Geography as an integrated discipline because Geography is all about nature and environment. It covers whole physical areas in the planet, and holistic nature.

Geography connects people with nature or environment. People can know about general knowledges from Geography. It connects people with the world. Earth, sky, lands you can know anything about world from Geography.

Variations in the natural as well as cultural phenomena provides a clue in understanding the relationship between physical environment and cultural features.

The physical environment has provided the stage over which the human societies enacted the drama of their creative skills with the tools and techniques which they invented in the process of their development. It can be said that geography is the description of the earth. We know that the reality is always multifaceted and the earth is also multi-dimensional. This is why many disciplines from natural sciences and a number of sister disciplines in social sciences study different aspect of the earth's surface. Geography is different from other subjects but at the same time it is closely related to other disciplines. Geography derives its data base from all the natural and social sciences.

The existing variations over the surface of the earth in physical as well as cultural environment. A number of phenomena are similar and many are dissimilar. It is, therefore, logical to perceive geography as the study of a real differentiation.

A gulf is a deep inlet of a sea almost surrounded by land, with a naarow mouth like Gulf of Khambat but a strait is a narrow passage of water connecting two large water bodies like seas n oceans like Palk Strait. 

The Peninsular Block is made up of a series of patland plateaus such as the Hazaribagh plateau, the Palamu plateau, the Ranchi plateau, the Malwa plateau, the Coimbatore plateau, and the Karnataka plateau. The northern boundary of the Peninsular Block may be taken as an irregular line running from Rann of Kachchh along the western flank of the Aravali Range near Delhi and then roughly parallel to the Yamuna and the Ganga as far as the Rajmahal Hills and the Ganga delta.

Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it. Geography seeks to understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.

Physical geography includes study of Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere & Biosphere- each element is very important for human beings.
Landforms provide base for agriculture, industries, transport and communication, and settlements. Mountains provide water to rivers, forests-center for tourist spots.
Climate influences on the cropping pattern, livestock, food and clothes of the people.
limate and precipitation influence the type of forests. Oceans provide food, water transport, and influence the climate; they are the source of hydrological cycle.
(i) Geomorphology is devoted to the study of land forms, their evolution and related processes.
(ii) Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of weather and climates and climatic types and regions.
(iii) Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life forms including human life and their activities.
(iv) Soil Geography is devoted to study the processes of soil formation, soil types, their fertility status, distribution and use

Russia

Covering an expanse of over 6.6 million square miles, Russia is the world's largest country by landmass, beating out runner-up Canada by around 2.8 million square miles.

 Regional geography approach was developed by another German geographer and a contemporary of Humboldt, Karl Ritter (1779-1859). 

The answer is (b) Geography. Temporal Synthesis can be described as ''automated construction'' of a system whereby we develop a temporary specification and then try to prove it.
Unlike, the opposite, where first, a system is developed and then tested in a lab or real-world environment, temporary synthesis works a bit different but helps to develop a system which is correct by design and not flawed.

Objectives of new forest policy art:

•  Bringing 33% of the geographical areas under forest cover.
• Maintaining environmental stability and to restore forests where ecological balance was disturbed.
• Conserving the natural heritage of the country.
• Its biological diversity and gentle pool.
• Checks soil erosion extension of the deserts land and reduction of floods and droughts.
• Increasing the forest cover through social forestry and afforestation on degraded lands.
• Increasing the productivity of forest to make timber, fuel, fodder and food available to rural population dependent on forests and encourage the substitution of wood.
• Creating massive people’s movement involving women to encourage planting of trees, stop felling of trees and thus, reduce pressure on the existing forest.

The Mantle

• The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle.
• It is in a solid state.
• It has a density higher than the crust portion.
• The thickness ranges from 10-200 km.
• The mantle extends from Moho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km.
• The asthenosphere is the upper portion of Mantle.
• It is the chief source of magma that finds its way to the surface during volcanic eruptions.
• The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are called lithosphere.
• The major constituent elements of the mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also termed as SIMA

The Core

• The core-mantle boundary is positioned at the depth of 2,900 km.
• The inner core is in the solid state whereas the outer core is in the liquid state.
• The core is made up of very heavy material mostly constituted by nickel and iron. Hence it is also called the “nife” layer.