The easternmost longitude of India is 97° 25′ E. It is located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. The westernmost longitude is 68o7'E. Due to the great longitudinal extent of east-west ends about 29°, there could be wide differences in local time of places located at two extreme points of India. Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh is the Easternmost point of India. The westernmost longitude of India is located in Gujarat( Kutch area). It is just west of Ghuar Mota, Gujarat , 68 degree, 34'min, west.

Physical geography includes study of Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere & Biosphere- each element is very important for human beings.
Landforms provide base for agriculture, industries, transport and communication, and settlements. Mountains provide water to rivers, forests-center for tourist spots.
Climate influences on the cropping pattern, livestock, food and clothes of the people.
limate and precipitation influence the type of forests. Oceans provide food, water transport, and influence the climate; they are the source of hydrological cycle. (i) Geomorphology is devoted to the study of land forms, their evolution and related processes.
(ii) Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of weather and climates and climatic types and regions.
(iii) Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life forms including human life and their activities.
(iv) Soil Geography is devoted to study the processes of soil formation, soil types, their fertility status, distribution and use

The following are considered to be the stages in the development of planets :

(i)The stars are the localised lumps of gas within a nebula. The gravitational force within the lumps leads to the formation of a core to the gas cloud and the huge rotating disc of gas and dust develops around the gas core.
(ii)In the next stage, the gas cloud starts getting condensed and the matter around the core develops into smallrounded objects. These small-rounded objects by the process of cohesion develop into what is called planetesimals. Larger bodies start forming by collision, and gravitational attraction causes the material to stick together. Planetesimals are a large number of smaller bodies.
(iii)In the final stage, these large number of small planetesimals accrete to form a fewer large bodies in the form of planets

Jhuming cultivation is also known as slash and burn agriculture. Explanation: Jhuming cultivation is a famous and well-known practice in the field of agriculture. In other words, it is also known as slash and burn agriculture. It includes first clearing the land in which cultivation is going to occur.  The burnt soil contains potash which increases the nutrient content of the soil.

Temperature , climate, area, rainfall, etc are the two factors that determine the growth of natural vegetation. Temperature and humidity are the main factors which determine the character and extent of vegetation. E.g. an area with high temperature and high humidity supports evergreen forest, while an area with high temperature and low humidity supports thorny bushes (desert).

Physical and Human Geography is the principal branches of Geographical sciences. Physical geography is what we are more familiar with as it involves earth's land areas, bodies of water, plant life etc. ... Human geography is more about people's religion, culture and way of life. Under physical geography we study the things like mountains, rivers, natural vegetations and animal life, etc. The sub-fields of physical geography are landforms, climate, water, soil, etc. Bio-geography is the study about plants and animals found on the earth's surface and in hydrosphere.

A process used to determine the viability of a project or procedure based on the experiential application of clearly defined and repeatable steps and an evaluation of the outcomes. The goal of a systematic approach is to identify the most efficient means to generate consistent, optimum results. The systematic approach studies only one issue and continues to examine its spatial variations. That means related to different spaces, you study your location. On the other hand, the regional approach studies the multiple characteristics after dividing or segmenting the location at hand, on the basis of region.

Physical geographers study Earth's seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and oceans. Some disciplines within physical geography include geomorphology, glaciology, pedology, hydrology, climatology, biogeography, and oceanography. Its subject matter is the physical and human phenomena that make up the world's environments and places. Geographers describe the changing patterns of places in words, maps, and geo-graphics, explain how these patterns come to be, and unravel their meaning.

Geography has been branded a unique science of bridging the gap between social sciences and natural sciences. Hence we have two main sub-disciplines in geography. These sub-disciplines are Physical Geography (natural sciences) and Human Geography (social sciences). Geography's two main branches are physical geography and human geography. Geographers identify and locate major physical and human geographic features of various places and regions in the world.  Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. 7 - 12+ Earth Science, Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography.

ts approach is holistic in nature. it recognizes the fact that the world is a system of interdependence. The present world is a global village. The efficient transport and communication helped the world to become unified village. The audiovisual media helped the data to be enriched. Technology provided better chances of monitoring natural phenomena as well as the economic and social parameters. Geography as an integrating discipline has interface with numerous natural and social sciences.

Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed. The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596.

Geography may be studied by way of several interrelated approaches, i.e., systematically, regionally, descriptively, and analytically. Geographers interested in social patterns and processes also use archival research, interviewing and surveying techniques, and participant observation methods that are associated with the social sciences more generally.

Most earthquakes directly beneath a volcano are caused by the movement of magma. The magma exerts pressure on the rocks until it cracks the rock. Then the magma squirts into the crack and starts building pressure again. Every time the rock cracks it makes a small earthquake. Earthquakes are not a geological structure like volcanoes and they do not release magma. They are violent movements of the Earth's crust. However, unlike volcanoes, earthquakes are common to all types of plate boundary. Earthquakes occur as a result of friction and build up of pressure between plates.

Humanisation of Nature -  These are products of human industry; natural material transformed into organs of the human will over nature, or of human participation in nature. ... Communism wouldentail not only the (re)naturalization of humanity, but perhaps first and foremost the humanization of nature. Human nature is a concept that denotes the fundamental dispositions and characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that humans are said to have naturally. The term is often used to denote the essence of humankind, or what it 'means' to be human.

Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth's rocks. Intensity is an objective measure of the time-averaged power density of a wave at a particular location. The SI unit of intensity is the watt per square meter .  The severity of earthquake shaking is assessed using a descriptive scale – the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Magnitude: Earthquake size is a quantitative measure of the size of the earthquake at its source. The Richter Magnitude Scale measures the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake.

Following are the effects of the earthquake:

• Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance.
• Damage to a man-made structure.
• An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals.

Body waves are earthquake waves which are generated due to the release of energy at the focus. They radiate and move in all directions from the point of hypocentre or the ‘focus’ and travel through the body of the earth. Hence the name body waves.
There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves

(i)The surplus water can be transferred to the deficit areas.
(ii) When there is a flood in one part of the country the water can be used in other drought like areas for irrigation. Hydroelectricity can be generated in the areas by interlinking of rivers.
(iii) Interlinking of rivers will also have economic importance on a longer run. This can be used as inland waterways and which helps in faster movement of goods from one place to other.

Gulf and Strait are two important geographical features on earth's surface. ... A gulf is a deep inlet of the sea, surrounded by land,with a narrow mouth whereas a strait is a narrow waterway that connects tow large water bodies. This is the main difference between gulf and strait.

Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials which develop on the earth’s surface.

IMPORTANCE OF SOILS
1. Provide support & nutrients to the plants
2. Plants provide food and clothes are grown over the soils
3. Provide shelter to microorganisms
4. Supply nutrients to plants.

THERE ARE THREE STAGES OF THE FORMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
I .IN THE FIRST STAGE: the early atmosphere consist of hydrogen and helium. loss of primordial atmosphere due to solar winds
II. IN THE SECOND STAGE: Gases were released from the earth’s interior such as Water vapor and other gases. There were water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide methane, ammonia and little free oxygen. The process of outpouring the gases from the interior of the earth is called degassing. Volcanic eruptions contributed the water vapor and CO₂. The CO₂. Disolved in the rainwater and converted into acid rain. Rainwater collected into the depressions called oceans. The oceans were formed about 4000 m y a. The life began to evolve about 3.8 b y a. The photosynthesis evolved about 2500 to 3000 my oceans began to contribute oxygen to the atmosphere. oceans were saturated with oxygen and flooded into the atmosphere.
III IN THIRD STAGE: Living organisms changed the composition of the atmosphere due to photosynthesis

A light-year is defined as the measurement of length or the distance light travels in a vacuum in a year. One light-year is close to 6 trillion miles.

Example of a light-year

• Reflected sunlight travelling from the moon’s surface takes 4.04 × 10^-8 light-years to reach the earth.
• It takes 1.58 × 10^-5 light-years for light from the Sun to reach the earth.