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Yogita Ingle 7 years ago
i) The tendency of formation of long open or closed atom chains by the combination of same atoms in themselves is known as catenation.
(ii) The catenation is maximum in carbon and decreases down the group.
(iii) This is due to high bond energy of catenation.
(iv) Only carbon atoms also form double or triple bonds involving pπ-pπ multiple bond within itself.
> C = C<; – C ≡ C –
(v) Carbon also possesses the tendency to form closed chain compounds with O, S and N atoms as well as forming pπ-pπ multiple bonds with other elements particularly nitrogen and oxygen e.g. C =O; C=N; C ≡ N; C = S are the functional groups present in numerous molecules due to this reason.
(vi) Carbon can form chain containing any number of carbon atoms Si and Ge cannot extend the chain beyond 6 atoms, while Sn and Pb do not form chains containing more than one or two atoms.
Posted by Abc ?⏳ 7 years ago
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Yogita Ingle 7 years ago
Friedel Crafts alkylation reaction can be explained as the alkylation of an aromatic ring using an alkyl halide in presence of a strong Lewis acid which acts as a catalyst. In the following given reaction, AlCl3 is used as a catalyst and the aromatic ring taken is benzene.

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Yogita Ingle 7 years ago
Guldberg and Waage established a relationship between rate of chemical reaction and the concentration of the reactants or, with their partial pressure in the form of law of mass action. According to this law,
“The rate at which a substance reacts is directly proportional to its active mass and rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to product of active masses of reactants each raised to a power equal to corresponding stoichiometric coefficient appearing in the balanced chemical equation”.
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The heat capacity at constant pressure CP is greater than the heat capacity atconstant volume CV , because when heat is added at constant pressure, the substance expands and work. QV = CV △T = △U + W = △U because no work is done. Therefore, dU = CV dT and CV = dU dT .
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Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when the thermodynamic systems A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third thermodynamic system C, then the systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other also.
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