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(a) s-block elements:
All of the s-block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons (outermost electrons) are in an s orbital. The s orbital is spherical and can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons. All of the s-block elements are metals. In general, they are shiny, silvery, good conductors of heat and electricity and lose their valence electrons easily. In fact, they lose their trademark s orbital valence electrons so easily that the s-block elements are the most reactive elements.
(b) p- block elements:
Following are the properties of p-block elements.
- They are solids/liquids/gases at room temperature (Br is liquid)
- They have variable oxidation states
- They form acidic oxides
- Generally, they form covalent compounds
- Halogens form salts with alkali metals
- They have high ionization potentials
- They have very large electron gain enthalpies
- The aqueous solutions their oxides are acidic in nature.
(c) d-block elements:
- Form stable complexes
- Have high melting and boiling points
- Contain large charge/radius ratio
- Form compounds which are often paramagnetic
- Are hard and possess high densities
- Form compounds with profound catalytic activity
- Show variable oxidation states
- Form coloured ions and compounds.
(d) f-block elements:
- They are usually heavy metals
- These elements have a generally higher melting and boiling point
- They display a variety of oxidisation states
- These elements tend to form coloured ions
- They form complex compounds
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