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Ionization Enthalpy of elements is the amount of energy that an isolated gaseous atom requires to lose an electron in its ground state. Losing of electrons results in the formation of cations.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
- The First law of thermodynamics is same as law of conservation of energy.
- According to law of energy conservation: - Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, only transformed to other forms.
- According to first law of thermodynamics:- The change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the system, minus the amount of work done by the system on its surroundings.
- Examples:- Consider a ball falling from the roof of the building when at top of the building the ball has only potential energy and when it starts falling potential energy decreases and kinetic energy starts increasing. At the ground it has only kinetic energy.
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The pH of intracellular fluid, blood is naturally maintained. This maintenance of pH is essential to sustain life because, enzyme catalysis is pH sensitive process. The normal pH of blood plasma is 7.4.
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Following two buffers in the blood help to maintain pH (7.4).
(a) Buffer of carbonic acid (H2CO3 and NaHCO3)
(b) Buffer of phosphoric acid (H2P04, HPO2-)
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Enthalpy of atomization is the amount of enthalpy change when a compound's bonds are broken and the component atoms are reduced to individual atoms. Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance is dissociated completely into atoms under standard conditions (298.15K, 1 bar).
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Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element differing in the number of neutrons in their nuclei are known as isotopes. Thus, isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers.
- Isotopes are identified by their mass numbers.
- For example, the isotopes of carbon are referred to as carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14.
- Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.
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A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry. In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wavefunctions. In mathematical sense, these wave functions are the basis set of functions, the basis functions, which describe the electrons of a given atom. In chemical reactions, orbital wavefunctions are modified, i.e. the electron cloud shape is changed, according to the type of atoms participating in the chemical bond.
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The energy which is released by an atom in gaining an electron from outside atom or ion to form negative ion (or anion) is called electron gain enthalpy (∆egH)
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Sia ? 6 years, 2 months ago
We know that, Specific heat(C) of water is = 4.18 Jg-1K-1
Now, Heat capacity(Cp) of water is = 18 {tex}\times{/tex} C
= 18 {tex}\times{/tex}4.18 JK-1
= 75.3 JK-1
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