Public-Private Partnership refers to the involvement of private sector in the Govt, projects aimed at public benefit in the form of management expertise and monetary contribution.
The following are the main features of PPP :
PPPs are related to high priority Govt, planned projects.
(2)PPP’s main objective is to combine the skills, expertise and experience of both public and private sectors to deliver high quality services.
(3)PPPs divide the risk between public and private sector.
(4)The Govt, remains accountable for the quality and costs of the services.
(5)PPPs are used in the Govt, projects aimed at public benefit.
(6)PPPs projects lead to faster implementation and reduced life cycle.

1. Private company: Section 3(1)(c) of the Companies Act says that a single person can form a company for any lawful purpose. It further describes OPCs as private companies.
2. Single member: OPCs can have only one member or shareholder, unlike other private companies.
3. Nominee: A unique feature of OPCs that separates it from other kinds of companies is that the sole member of the company has to mention a nominee while registering the company.
4. No perpetual succession: Since there is only one member in an OPC, his death will result in the nominee choosing or rejecting to become its sole member. This does not happen in other companies as they follow the concept of perpetual succession.
5. Minimum one director: OPCs need to have minimum one person (the member) as director. They can have a maximum of 15 directors.
6. No minimum paid-up share capital: Companies Act, 2013 has not prescribed any amount as minimum paid-up capital for OPCs.
7. Special privileges: OPCs enjoy several privileges and exemptions under the Companies Act that other kinds of companies do not possess.

Owner capital :

1. Meaning : Consist of the amount contributed by owners and their profit reinvested in business.
2. Permanent : It remains permanent invested.
3. Risk : It carries risk of business.
4. Control :Control rests with providers of owners capital.
5. Security : It does not require any asset as security.
6. reward : Reward is dividend.
7. Priority : Reward is paid after payment of interest on borrowed funds.
8. Nature of return : The rate of dividend may fluctuate year to year.

Borrowed capital :

1. Meaning : It includes funds available in the form of loans or credit
2. Permanent : It is not permanent source of investment.
3. Risk : The debts of company are secured.
4. Control : No control rests with providers of borrowed funds.
5. Security : It is backed by security of assets.
6. reward : Reward is interest.
7. Priority : Payment of interest gets priority over payment of dividend.
8. Nature of return : The rate of interest is fixed on funds.

ollowing are the allied facilities provided by postal departments :

1. Greeting Post: Beautiful greeting cards.

2. Media Post : Effective media for indrain corporate to advertise their brand through post cards, envelops, telegrams etc.

3. Direct post for direct advertising.

4. International money transfer through collaboration with Western Union finance services, USA which enables remittances of money from 185 countries to India.

5. Speed post: It has over 1000 destination in India and links with 97 major countries across the globe.

6. e-bill post is the latest invention of the department to collect bill payment across the counter for BSNL and Bharti Airtel.

• Keep money safe for customers
• Offer customers interest on deposits, helping to protect against money losing value against inflation.
• Lending money to firms, customers and homebuyers.
• Offering financial advice and related financial services, such as insurance

Advantages of e-commerce :

1. e-commerce provides speedy business services.

2. e-commerce is accessible to the global market.

3. It is a movement towards a popular society.

4. It is easy to form and requires lower investment.

5. It is convenient.

6. e-commerce makes flexible manufacturing and mass customisation possible.

Diadvantages of e-commerce :

(a)It lacks personal touch.

(b) The physical delivery of the product takes time.

(c) There is a need for technology capability and competance of parties and e-Business.

(d) There is increased risk due to anonymity and non-traceability of parties.

(e) People resist e-commerce as it involves adjustment to new technology and new way of doing things.