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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 7 months ago
The process of digestion in the buccal cavity: The buccal cavity performs two major functions, mastication of food and facilitation of swallowing. The teeth and the tongue with the help of saliva masticate and mix up the food thoroughly. Mucus in saliva helps in lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into a bolus. The bolus is then conveyed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by swallowing or deglutition. The bolus further passes down through the oesophagus by successive waves of muscular contractions called peristalsis. The gastro-oesophageal sphincter controls the passage of food into the stomach. The saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains electrolytes and enzymes, salivary amylase and lysozyme. The chemical process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by the hydrolytic action of the carbohydrate splitting enzyme, the salivary amylase. About% of starch is hydrolysed here by this enzyme (optimum pH 6.8) into a disaccharide-maltose. Lysozyme present in saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 4 months ago
In biology and botany, indeterminate growth is growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed. Duration and form of growth are the main ways to tell the difference between determinate and indeterminate tomatoes. Determinate or bush types bear a full crop all at once and top off at a specific height. ... Indeterminate varieties develop into vines that never top off and continue producing until killed by frost.
Posted by Rishitosh Singh 5 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 7 months ago
The fruiting body of <i>Penicillium</i> is a cleistothecium. A cleistothecium is the proper name for a closed, spherical ascocarp. Within the ascocarp, asci are housed. Each asci carries around eight ascospores, which are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes (a type of fungus).
Posted by Renu Dahiya 5 years, 7 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 7 months ago
A coenzyme requires the presence of an enzyme in order to function. It is not active on its own.
Examples of coenzymes include the B vitamins and S-adenosyl methionine.
Posted by Ankit Rajana 5 years, 7 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units either mono- saccharides( e.g., glucose , fructose , galactose) or di-saccharides ( e.g., sucrose, lactose) joined together by glycosidic bonds. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin. Polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide units.
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- The diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable from a region of higher chemical potential (or concentration) to its region of lower chemical potential until equilibrium is reached is called osmosis.
- The net direction and rate of osmosis depend on both the pressure gradient and concentration gradient.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 7 months ago
- The body surface of Annnelids is distinctly marked out into segments or metamere and, hence, the phylum name Annelida.
- They exhibit organ-system level of body organization, bilateral symmetry,they are triploblastic, metamerically segmented and coelomate animals.
- Aquatic annelids possess lateral appendages called asparapodia. For example- Nereis
- Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion.
- Neural system consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord.
- Reproduction is sexual.
- Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious, but earthworms and leeches are monoecious.
Examples - Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm)
Posted by Adarsh Jaiswal 5 years, 8 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 8 months ago
The scientific naming of an organism is called nomenclature. The system of scientific naming or nomenclature we use today was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. In Binomial nomenclature, the first name is the generic name beginning with a capital letter whereas the second name is the species name which begins with a small letter. Example – <i>Homo</i> <i>sapiens</i> where <i>Homo</i> is a genus name and <i>sapiens</i> is a species name.
Certain conventions are followed while writing the scientific names:
1. The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
2. The name of the species begins with a small letter.
3. When printed, the scientific name is given in italics.
4. When written by hand, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 8 months ago
Biomolecules are the molecules present in a living organism. These biomolecules are fundamental building blocks of living organisms as they support the biological processes essential for life. Eg carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins, etc.
Posted by Abhay Pratap Singh 5 years, 8 months ago
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Raj Parjapati 5 years, 8 months ago
Yogita Ingle 5 years, 8 months ago
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped, hollow structure located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile juice which is stored in a sac called the gallbladder. Bile juice helps in the digestion of fats.
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) is a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that form a key part of aerobic respiration in cells. This cycle is also called the Krebs cycle and the citric acid cycle. This shows the TCA cycle in the context of what is happening in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The TCA cycle is amphibolic; i.e., it serves as a catabolic and an anabolic pathway. Reactions that utilize intermediates of the cycle as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules are as follows. This reaction takes place in the cytoplasm and is a source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid biosynthesis.
Posted by Abhishek Kumar Rao 5 years, 8 months ago
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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 6 months ago
The TCA cycle is a central pathway into which many metabolites feed. It consists of a number of reactions which generate NADH and FADH₂ which can in turn be used by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate ATP. The TCA cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that produces two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2. The regulation of the rate of oxidative phosphorylation by the ADP level is called respiratory control or acceptor control. The level of ADP likewise affects the rate of the citric acid cycle because of its need for NAD+ and FAD. The physiological significance of this regulatory mechanism is evident. The major significance of the citric acid cycle is to act as the final common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, since glucose, fatty acids and many amino acids are all metabolised to acetyl CoA.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 7 months ago
2Thank You