Consciousness is the state of being aware of surrounding. It is defined by the ability of the organism to respond to the stimulus which is known as irritability. If an organism is able to respond to stimuli, that means it is aware. As irritability is defining the property of life, so consciousness can be considered as defining property of a living organism.

Metabolism is the ability to split the complex substance (catabolism) and convert them into simpler ones which further forms energy (anabolism). The energy helps to carry several metabolic and physiological function which makes metabolism an important and defining property of life.

Consciousness is the state of being aware of surrounding. It is defined by the ability of the organism to respond to the stimulus which is known as irritability. If an organism is able to respond to stimuli, that means it is aware. As irritability is defining the property of life, so consciousness can be considered as defining property of a living organism.

Metabolism is the ability to split the complex substance (catabolism) and convert them into simpler ones which further forms energy (anabolism). The energy helps to carry several metabolic and physiological function which makes metabolism an important and defining property of life.

Respiration is defined as a metabolic process wherein, the living cells of an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP) by taking in oxygen and liberating carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

Pace maker is a neuro muscular structure which produces and regulates cardiac impulses. Natural pacemaker is sino-atrial node (SA node).

The SAN is a patch of cardiac musculature tissue present in the right upper corner of the right atrium. It has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e., it is autoexcitable. The SAN can generate the maximum number of action potentials, i.e., 70-75 min–1, and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart. 

Artificial pacemaker: is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.

Sometimes the SAN i.e. pacemaker gets damaged and fails to generate cardiac impluses. This defect can be corrected by installing an artificial apparatus or pacemaker in the chest of the patient. Artificial pacemaker is connected to right ventricle. The apparatus stimulates the heart electrically at regular time intervals and maintains the heart beat.

The function of respiratory system is to breathe in oxygen for respiration (producing energy from food), and to breathe out carbon dioxide produced by respiration.

The major organs of respiratory system in human beings are: (i) Nose (ii) Nasal Passage (iii) Trachea (iv) Bronchi (v) Lungs and (vi) diaphragm.

In human beings, air is taken into the body through the nostrils, is filtered by fine hairs that line the passage. When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes into the lungs. From here, the air passes through the throat and into the lungs. Trachea does not collapse even when there is no air in it because it is supported by rings of soft bones called cartilage.
Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood-vessels. When we breathe in, the ribs are lift up and the diaphragm flattens which increases the size of the chest cavity. Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.

Growth is defined as increase in the size and mass. It is not a defining property of life because even non living organism grows and increases in size and mass. For example, mountains can increase in height by accumulation of snow.

• Animals grow for a limited period of time after which their growth ceases and they ultimately die.
• Plant growth is unique because plants retain their capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life.
• This ability of plants is due to the presence of meristematic tissue at certain locations in their body.
• The cells of such meristems have the capacity to divide and self-perpetuate.

Reproduction is the ability to produce younger ones. It cannot be considered as a defining property of the living organism because in unicellular organism the increase in number of cells is considered as growth as well reproduction. Mule is a cross of female horse and a male donkey cannot produce fertile offspring though they are living.

Reduction divisions in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern and a gymnosperm take place during the production of spores from spore mother cells. In case of an angiosperm, the reduction division occurs during pollen grain formation from anthers and during production of embryo sac from ovule.

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, while in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate.
Meiosis II produces 4 haploid daughter cells, whereas meiosis I produces 2 diploid daughter cells.
Genetic recombination (crossing over) only occurs in meiosis I.
If you didn't understand any of those difference or didn't notice them, it's okay, because I'm going to explain it below in detail:

Diploid Cells have two sets of chromosomes, while Haploid Cells have only one set of chromosomes. Here's how the chromatids and chromosomes split in meiosis, in terms of n.

The cell has 2 pairs of chromosomes after DNA replication, and 1 pair of chromatids is distributed to each cell during meiosis I. In meiosis II the daughter cells now have 1 chromatid each.

Hierarchical Classification is a system of grouping things according to a hierarchy, or levels and orders. ... The categorization of species is another example of hierarchical classification. At the very top is the kingdom which is the broadest category, followed by phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Hierarchy of categories refers to an arrangement of different taxonomic groups in a definite order from higher to lower categories. A category is called a taxon. The main aim of hierarchical taxonomy is to assign an organism an appropriate place within the systematic framework of classification.

• Ribosomes are the granular structures composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins.
• The eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S, while the prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, made up of two subunits.
• ‘S’ stands for the sedimentation coefficient, which is indirectly is a measure of density and size.

The Golgi is disassembled during prometaphase into vesicles, which are segregated in metaphase and then reformed during telophase. Mitochondria are fused in interphase, fragment during mitotic entry in prophase and begin to re-fuse during anaphase. Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

1) Kingdom Monera is considered as the most primitive group of organisms and monerans are most abundant of all. It generally comprises unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization. They lack well-defined cell structures including the nucleus and other cell organelles.

They consist of prokaryotes which include species like the Cyanobacteria, archaebacteria, mycoplasma, and bacteria are a few members of this kingdom.

2) All unicellular eukaryotic organisms are placed under the Kingdom Protista.

The term Protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in the year 1886. This kingdom forms a link between other kingdoms of fungi, plants, and animals.

Kingdom Protista is an important phase in early evolution and the very first protist probably evolved 1.7 billion years ago.

Kingdom Protista is a very large group comprising of at least 16 phyla. Many species of this kingdom are the primary producers in the aquatic ecosystem and some are responsible for serious human diseases like malaria.

Golgi apparatus is a complex cytoplasmic structure made up of smooth membrane saccules or cisternae, a network of tubules with vesicles and vacuoles, which takes part in membrane transformation, secretion, and production of complex biochemicals. The shape and size of Golgi body are not fixed. They depend upon the physiological state of the cells. Usually the Golgi body is made up of four parts - cisternae, tubules, vesicles, and vacuoles.

1. Cisternae: Golgi body consists of a stack of generally 4-8 membrane-bound saccules or cisternae. The saccules are freq curved to give a definite polarity to the Golgi body. One face of the apparatus is convex while the other is concave.
2. Tubules: They form a complicated network towards the periphery and maturing face of the apparatus. Actually, tubules arise due to fenestrations of the cisternae. They have a diameter of 30-50 nm. The tubules interconnect the different cisternae.
3. Vesicles: They are small sacs of 20-80 nm diameters. The vesicles are found attached to the tips of tubules at various levels in the network. They are of two types, smooth and coated.
4. Golgian vacuoles: They are expanded parts of the cisternae which have become modified to form vacuoles. The vacuoles develop from the concave or maturing face. Golgian vacuoles contain the amorphous or granular substance. Some of the Golgian vacuole functions as lysosomes.

Functions:

1. All glandular cells depend upon Golgi body for concentrating and packaging their products inside a soluble proteins coat.
2. The Golgi body brings about membrane transformation, that is, converting one type of membrane into other types.
3. Proteins synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipids synthesized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum reach the cisternae of the Golgi body. Here, they combine with carbohydrates to form glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Micturition is the release of urine from urinary bladder through urethra. It is also termed as ‘Urination’. This occurs involuntarily in children upto 4-5 years; thereafter regulated voluntarily.

The DNA structure can be thought of like a twisted ladder. This structure is described as a double-helix, as illustrated in the figure above. It is a nucleic acid, and all nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides. The DNA molecule is composed of units called nucleotides, and each nucleotide is composed of three different components, such as sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases. 

The basic building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. The sugar and phosphate groups link the nucleotides together to form each strand of DNA. Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G)  and Cytosine (C) are four types of nitrogen bases.

These 4 Nitrogenous bases pair together in the following way: A with T, and C with G. These base pairs are essential for the DNA’s double helix structure, which resembles a twisted ladder.

The order of the nitrogenous bases determines the genetic code or the DNA’s instructions.

Among the three components of DNA structure, sugar is the one which forms the backbone of the DNA molecule. It is also called deoxyribose. The nitrogenous bases of the opposite strands form hydrogen bonds, forming a ladder-like structure.

The DNA molecule consists of 4 nitrogen bases, namely adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and Guanine (G) which ultimately forms the structure of a nucleotide. The A and G are purines and the C and T are pyrimidines.

The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. These strands are held together by the hydrogen bond that is present between the two complementary bases. The strands are helically twisted, where each strand forms a right-handed coil and ten nucleotides make up a single turn.

The pitch of each helix is 3.4 nm. Hence, the distance between two consecutive base pairs (i.e., hydrogen-bonded bases of the opposite strands) is 0.34 nm.