Types of Muscle Tissue

• Smooth Muscle: These muscle cells do not have striations or stripes. Hence they are called smooth muscle cells. They are also called involuntary muscles. The cells have a single nucleus and the cells are spindle-shaped.
• Skeletal Muscle: The skeletal muscles have stripes or striations. Hence they are also called the striated muscles. These skeletal muscles are the most common and widely distributed muscle tissue in the body.
• Cardiac Muscle: This is a muscle that is found only in the heart. The rhythmic contractions of this muscle help in the pumping of blood through the blood vessels to various parts of the body. The brain controls this muscle and is an involuntary muscle.  The cells of this muscle tissue are branched and cylindrical with a single nucleus and striations present.

An endocrine gland secretes its products, for example hormones, directly into the blood. An example of an endocrine gland is the adrenal gland which secretes adenaline made in the adrenal medulla directly into the blood.
An exocrine gland secretes its products for example enzymes, into ducts that lead to the target tissue. For example the salivary gland secretes saliva into the collecting duct which leads to the mouth.

In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine. With the formula C₅H₅N₅O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine - imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds.

Areolar Connective Tissue:

• It is found underneath the skin; also around nerves and blood vessels.
• It is composed of fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells.
• It provides support and repair tissues.

Adipose Tissue:

• It is present in skin and organs.
• It is composed of fat globules and is characterized by fat storage
• It provides insulation due to the fat present.

Salivary amylase: Carbohydrate digestion also initiates in the mouth. Amylase, produced by the salivary glands, breaks complex carbohydrates to smaller chains, or even simple sugars. It is sometimes referred to as ptyalin.

The continuous process by which nitrogen is exchanged between organisms and the environment is called nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient, needed to make amino acids and other important organic compounds, but most organisms cannot use free nitrogen, which is abundant as a gas in the atmosphere. 
Nitrogen cycle involves the following steps:
(i) Nitrogen fixation: This process involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which are soluble in water. This is done by various nitrogen fixing bacteria. Example - Rhizobium, blue green algae and bacterium Azotobacter.
(ii) Ammonification: It is the process of decomposing complex, dead organic matter into ammonia. This is done by microorganisms living in the soil.
(iii) Nitrification: It is the process of conversion of ammonia into nitrites and then into nitrates. This is done by nitrifying bacteria. Example - Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
(iv) Denitrification: It is the process of reducing nitrates present in the soil to release nitrogen back into the atmosphere. Example - Pseudomonas.
 

Phycobiont refers to the algal component of the lichens and mycobiont refers to the fungal component. Both of these are present in symbiotic relationship in which Algae prepare food for Fungi due to presence of chlorophyll whereas the fungus provides shelter to algae and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. 

1The algal component of a lichen; any alga which is associated with a fungus to form a lichen (occasionally: specifically a green alga, as distinct from a blue-green alga). 2An alga in association with another type of organism (usually a plant).

Red tides : When the sea appears red due to the rapid multiplication of red dinoflagellates e.g., Gonyaulax, it is called as red tides.

Hypoxia, in medicine, condition of the body in which the tissues are starved of oxygen. In its extreme form, where oxygen is entirely absent, the condition is called anoxia.
There are four types of hypoxia:
(1) the hypoxemic type, in which the oxygen pressure in the blood going to the tissues is too low to saturate the hemoglobin.
(2) the anemic type, in which the amount of functional hemoglobin is too small, and hence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen is too low.
(3) the stagnant type, in which the blood is or may be normal but the flow of blood to the tissues is reduced or unevenly distributed.
(4) the histotoxic type, in which the tissue cells are poisoned and are therefore unable to make proper use of oxygen. Diseases of the blood, the heart and circulation, and the lungs may all produce some form of hypoxia.

NADPH stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen. This molecule plays a crucial role in some of the chemical reactions that make up the process of photosynthesis.

In hydroponics, the plants mature in an inactive growing medium and an impeccably balanced pH with the nutrients delivered to the roots in an extremely soluble form. This permits the plant to carry its food with a very little exertion in contrast to the soil when the roots must grab the nutrients and obtain them. This is accurate even while making use of rich organic soil and premium nutrients. The energy exhausted by the roots in this procedure is the energy better expended on the vegetative development of flower and fruit production.

Urine is a fluid that contains body wastes and stored in urinary bladder to come out of the body through urethra. Urea is an organic compound produced in our body as waste and is found to be mixed with the urine. Urea is thrown out of the body with urine. Urea is first produced in the liver through the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids. However, urine is produced in the kidneys through the urination.

• The human brain is the master control center for many of the functions in our body.
• The hypothalamus is the section of your brain that controls hunger.
• The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain located in the forebrain.

The ears are the sense organs which help us in hearing sound. It consists of three compartments – outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. 
i.    The outer ear consists of a broad part called pinna having a long passage called ear canal. At the end of the ear canal is a thin, elastic and a circular membrane called ear drum. It is also called tympanum. The outer ear contains air.
ii.    The middle ear contains three small and delicate bone called hammer, anvil and stirrup. These bones are linked to one another. The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations received from the sound wave to the inner ear. 
iii.    In the inner ear, the pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea. These electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, and the brain interprets them as sound.