The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the *****. The prostate is just in front of the rectum. The urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the *****, letting urine flow out of the body. The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. The main function of the prostate gland is to secrete an alkaline fluid that comprises approximately 70% of the seminal volume. The secretions produce lubrication and nutrition for the sperm.

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells slightly differ. However, prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 30S and a (large) 50S subunit whereas ,eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of (small) 40S and a bound (large) 60S submit.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. Their basic functioning is protein synthesis.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is hemolytic anemia in the fetus (or neonate, as erythroblastosis neonatorum) caused by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to fetal red blood cells. The disorder usually results from incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood groups, often Rho(D) antigens. Erythroblastosis fetalis an anaemic blood disease of a fetus or newborn child, characterized by erythroblasts in the circulating blood: caused by a blood incompatibility between mother and fetus.

Brain is the highest coordinating centre in the body. It is protected by a bony box called cranium, within which are present three layers of fluid-filled membranes called meninges for absorbing shock.

 The brain is divided into three regions (i) Forebrain (ii) Midbrain and (iii) Hindbrain.

The forebrain is the largest part of the brain. It is the main thinking region. It is made up of cerebrum, hypothalamus and thalamus. The midbrain does not have any further divisions. The hindbrain consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla.

Auriculotherapy is used widely for pain control and addictions of all kinds. It has also been clinically proven to help with stress and anxiety, depression, allergies, PMS, vision problems, and so much more. Many health conditions can be treated with Auricular Medicine as a main form or supplementary form of treatment. The superior auricular muscle, the largest of the three auriculares muscles, is also thin and fan-shaped. Its fibers arise from the galea aponeurotica, and converge to be inserted by a thin, flattened tendon into the upper part of the cranial surface of the auricula.

Characteristics of Porifera:

(i) They are sessile, sedentary, and marine except one group that lives in fresh water. These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support.

(ii) Simplest multicellular, diploblastic animals.

(iii) The body design involves minimal differentiation and division into tissues.

(iv) Asymmetrical or radically symmetrical.

Example: Sponges and Sycon.

Characteristics of Annelida:

(i) Body triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, soft, elongated, vermiform and cylindrical or dorsoventrally flattened.

(ii) Exoskeleton absent; body is covered by a thin cuticle.

(iii) Alimentary canal is tube-like, complete and extends straight from mouth to ****.

(iv) Reproduction is by sexual means. Sexes may be united (hermaphroditic) or separate.

(v) True coelomate animals with closed blood vascular system. Coelom allows true organs to be packaged in the body structure.

(vi) They live in a variety of habitats. Mostly aquatic, marine or fresh water. Some are terrestrial, burrowing in tubes, some free-living forms.

Example: Nereis (sand worm) and Hirudinaria (leech).

• Echinodermata:

Characteristics of Echinodermata:

(i) Simple animals may be a star like, spherical or elongate.

(ii) Body triploblastic, coelomate, unsegmented and radially symmetrical.

(iii) Body lacks head but has oral and aboral surfaces. Oral surface of the body has five radial areas called ambulacra.

(iv) Body wall is covered with spiny hard calcareous (calcium carbonate) plates (ossicles) that forms a rigid or flexible endoskeleton.

Example: Echinus (sea urchin) and Asterias (star fish).

Female reproductive system consists of two large ovaries which lie on the lateral side of the 2nd to 6th abdominal segments. Each ovary consists of 8 ovarioles containing beaded strings of developing ova. Each ovary gives rise to oviduct. Two oviducts from either side join to form common oviduct which open into ******. ****** opens into the genital chamber. A pair of spermatheca present in the 6th segment open into genital chamber.

During copulation, sperm is transferred through spematophores. After copulation, female cockroach secretes a capsule called ootheca which contains the fertilised eggs. Ootheca is a brownish capsule of 8 mm length with fertilised eggs. At about 10 oothecae are laid by the female in the cracks and crevices found in the house. Each ootheca has at about 14 to 16 eggs. Development of cockroach includes nymph stage. Nymph moults around 13 times to transform into an adult.

Nuclear pores are tiny holes present in the nuclear membrane of the nucleus. They are formed by the fusion of two nuclear membranes.
These holes allow specific substances to be transferred into a cell and out from it. They allow molecules such as RNA and proteins to move in both directions, between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

The limbic system is a set of structures in the brain that controls emotion, memories and arousal. It contains regions that detect fear, control bodily functions and perceive sensory information (among other things). The structures and interacting areas of the limbic system are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory. The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex.

The inner ear contains vestibular apparatus that helps maintain the body’s balance. It consists of three semi-circular canals and the otolith organ which consists of the saccule and utricle, responsible for maintaining the body’s balance and posture.

Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. ... The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant. Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem tissue transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant, and also plays a role in structural support in the stem.

Transport of Oxygen: Haemoglobin transports oxygen molecule to all the body cells for cellular respiration .The haemoglobin pigment present in the blood gets attached to O2 molecules that are obtained from breathing and thus forms oxyhaemoglobin .This oxygenated blood is then distributed to all the body cells by the heart. After giving away O2 to the body cells, blood takes away CO2 which is the end product of cellular respiration and blood becomes de-oxygenated.
Transport of carbon dioxide: Since haemoglobin pigment has less affinity for CO2, CO2 is mainly transported in the dissolved form. This deoxygenated blood gives CO2 to lung alveoli and takes O2 in return.

Male Cockroach:
1. The body of male cockroach is smaller than the female.
2. The abdomen of male cockroach is slender and the last segment of the abdomen is pointed.
3. The wings of male cockroach are larger than that of the females and extend beyond the abdomen.
4. The antennae of male cockroach are smaller than that of the females.
5. In the 9th sternum of abdomen a pair of small, un-jointed **** styles and in the 10th tergum of abdomen a pair of long, palp-like jointed **** cerci are present.
6. The sternum of mesothorax is not bifurcated.
Female Cockroach:
1. The body of female cockroach is relatively larger than the male.
2. The abdomen of female cockroach is boat-shaped and the last segment is blunt.
3. The wings of female cockroach are smaller than that of the males and extend up to the tip of the abdomen.
4. The antennae are relatively larger than that of the males.
5. Only a pair of **** cerci is present in of female cockroach.
6. The sternum of mesothorax is bifid.