(i) As literacy spread to peasants and artisans, the literacy rate rose as high as 60 to 80 per cent in some parts of Europe.
(ii) People wanted to read books and the printers produced books in ever increasing numbers.
(iii) By mid-eighteenth century, there was a common belief that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment.
(iv) Others felt that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism and tyranny and would bring an era when reason and intellect would rule.
(v) Convinced by the power of print, there was virtual reading mania among Europeans of 18th century.

Flying shuttle is the technique of carrying an extra weft thread of  contrasting colour on a supplementary shuttle, to create fine internal  lines or pattern details.    John Kay's invention allowed the shuttle, containing the thread, to be  shot backwards and forwards across a much wider bed. The flying shuttle  also allowed the thread to be woven at a faster rate, thus enabling the  process of weaving to become faster.  A flying shuttle, despite its name, is used for weaving. The machine was  invented by John Kay, who wanted to assist cotton weavers in order for  them to weave faster and larger pieces of clothes. Despite the  invention, John Kay never received any royalties gained from the users  of the flying shuttle.  A fly shuttle is a mechanical device that is used to deliver a weft  thread into a warp thread when producing clothes in a factory. It is a  long narrow canoe shaped instrument that is made of wood which holds the  bobbin. It usually runs on electricity rather than fuel.  A flying shuttle is a machine that represented an important step toward  automatic weaving. It was invented by John Kay in 1733 where the shuttle  was thrown, or passed, through the threads by hand and wide fabrics  required two weavers seated side by side passing the shuttle between  them.  Flying shuttle is a?machine that represented a significant step toward  automatic weaving. It was invented by John Kay in 1733. The shuttle was  thrown, or passed, through the threads by hand, and wide fabrics  required two weavers seated side by side passing the shuttle between  them.

“Social divisions” affect politics in both negative ways and positive ways.
Negative Impact
If we observe social division and politics together at first sight;
(i) Itwouldappearthatthecombinationofpoliticsand social divisions is very dangerous and explosive.
(ii) Democracy involves competition among various political units/parties. Their competition tends to divide the society.
In case political parties start competing in terms of some prevalent social differences it can further lead to social conflict and disintegration of society. For example, Yugoslavia and Northern Ireland.
• In Northern Ireland there has been a violent and bitter ethnopolitical conflict for many years.
• In the same way political competition along religious and ethnic lines lead to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
Positive Impact
(i) At the same time every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters because wherever social divisions exist, they are reflected in politics.
(ii) Social divisions also affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.
(iii) In many countries there are parties that focus only on one community, e.g., DMK, AIADMK, BSP in India.
(iv) Thus, it would be best if there are no social divisions in any country.
Hence, all this does not lead to disintegration of the country.

(i)The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries.
(ii)This plain is formed of alluvial soil.
(iii)The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the foothills of the Himalaya over millions of years, formed this fertile plain.

Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru

Articles 358 and 359 in part XVIII of the Constitution deals with this suspension of fundamental rights during National Emergency(An emergency due to war, external aggression or armed rebellion).

• According to article 358, when the national emergency is declared on the ground of war or external aggression, the six rights under Article 19 are automatically suspended.
• According to article 359, the president can suspend "the right to move any court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights (except Articles 20 and 21)". This suspension relates to fundamental rights which are specified in the Presidential Order during declaration of emergency. (In this case fundamental rights are not suspended, but right to demand their enforcement)

Advantages of the napoleonic code are:-
. Established equality before law.
. Abolished all privileges based on birth.
. Simplified administrative divisions.
. Granted the right to property to French citizens.
. Abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.
. Eliminated restrictions on guilds in town.
. Made efforts to improve transport and communication.

Disadvantages of the napoleonic code are:-
. But this initial enthusiasm soon turned into hostility and opposition when it became visible that the new administrative arrangements do not go hand in hand with the political freedom. Censorship, taxation, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.