The industrial change is a slow process, it took centuries to get evolved. In the early stage, there were no factories and production took place in the house. With time new machines were invented that decreased the labors efficiency and increased the production. A change occurred when production shifted to the factories and they felt the need of new machines and transportation system to spread the industries world wide. This was a slow process and took a lot of time to in industrial change.

(i) French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858.
(ii) By the mid - 1880s, they had established a firm grip over the northern region.
(iii) After the Franco - Chinese war, the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam, in 1887, French Indo - China was formed.

a. French revolution refers to major upheaval and drastic socio economic and political transformation that took place in France between the period 1789 to 1799.
b. It refers to the movement on part of the people which brought about an end of the old regime in France ,  and later established society on the basis of merit.
c. It refers to complete overhauling of French political structure that ended monarchy and declared France to be a Republic.

Forced recruitment is a process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army. The British government in India resorted to it at the time of the First World War in order to boost the number of soldiers fighting from its side.

Most of the minerals in India are nationalised and they can be extracted with due permission of the government. But in most of the tribal areas of north-east India, minerals are owned by individuals or communities. Mining of minerals like coal, iron ore, limestone, dolomite, etc., is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat-hole Mining’.

The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India to establish a more direct control over the weavers, free of the existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade.
The Gomasthas were the paid servants who supervised the weavers,collected supplies and examined the quality of cloth.
The gomasthas ensured that all management and control of the cloth industry came under the British. This helped in eliminating competition, controlling costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk. 

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total sum of the value of the final goods and services of the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors of the economy of a country produced during a year.
The counting of the various goods and services for calculating GDP can he understood by the following example
Wheat and Hour are intermediate goods used for making final products like bread and biscuits. Intermediate products should not be counted in the figure of GDP. Biscuits and breads are the final products prepared using flour and other ingredients like sugar, salt, oil etc.
Only the final products are reaching the actual consumer. The value of the intermediate products is already counted in the final products and if this is again counted, it will lead to double counting, causing an error in the estimation of GDP.

1) During the First World War, Indian traders became more dominant and earned more profits.
2) Due to the Great Depression, Indian traders were affected and they wanted to prevent imports so that they could have a positive foreign exchange ratio.
3) The Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress was formed in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927 to act as a pressure group to implement policies to favour industries.
4) Eminent industrialists were against the British authority upon Indian economy and funded the movement.
5) Foreign goods were not only boycotted but in many places were burnt.

1) When the news of evens in France reached the different ciyies of Europe, educayed members of middle class began seting up Jacobin club.
2) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French army which moved into other nations.
3) With the outbreak of revolutionary war, they began carrying ideas of nationalism abroad.

In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later in the 19th century many of the China traders became successful industrialists. Dwarkanath Tagore believed that India would develop through westernisation and industrialisation. He invested in shipping, shipbuilding, mining, banking, plantations and insurance.

• The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. It was to look into the functions of the constitutional system in India. Since it had no Indian member in it, it was boycotted by all political parties in the country.
• Later, in 1929, the Congress under the leadership of Nehru declared 'Poorna Swaraj' as its main aim. The nationalist fervour began to rise in the country.
• As nationalist feelings began to emerge, Gandhi sent a letter containing eleven demands to Lord Irwin in 1930 asking him to accept it. When he refused, Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Social changes in 19th century Britain highlighted by Thomas Hardy
(i) The breaking up of rural communities because of industrialization. Due to industrialization, peasants who toiled with their lands were disappearing as large or big farmers enclosed lands, bought machines and employed labourers to produce for the market.
(ii) In his novel ‘Mayor of Casterbridge’, Hardy mourns the loss of the more personalized world which is being replaced by a more efficiently managed urban culture.
Social Changes Highlighted by Charles Dickens
(i) Charles Dickens wrote mainly about the emergence of the industrial age and it’s effects on society and the common people.
(ii) Growth of factories and expanded cities led to the growth of business and economy and increased the profits of capitalists.
(iii) At the same time workers faced immense problems. Use of machines resulted in unemployment of ordinary labour; they became homeless, creating a problem of housing. Pursuit of profit became the goal of factory owners while the workers were undervalued and almost lost their identity Human beings were reduced to being mere instruments of production.a