Developmental goals are learning-oriented. They spell out the skills, knowledge and experiences the employee needs to either remain effective in his/her current job or support the employee's ability to take on new responsibilities and grow in his/her career. There are 3 types of goals: Outcome goals, process goals, and performance goals. Each of the 3 types differs based on how much control we have over it. We have the most control over process goals and the least control over outcome goals. The purpose of professional development is to improve knowledge and skills in order to facilitate individual, school-wide, and district-wide improvements for the purpose of increasing student achievement. Educators face continuously increasing requirements from federal and state mandates.

Alluvial Soil:

1. It is the most important type of soil found in India covering about 40 percent of the total land area. It is very fertile and contributes to the largest share of agricultural wealth. This soil supports nearly half of the Indian population.
2. The alluvial soils contain adequate potash, phosphoric acid and lime. Therefore, it is very fertile.
3. They are generally deficient in organic and nitrogenous contents.
4. The fine particles of sand, silt and clay are called alluvium. The alluvial soil can be divided into old alluvium, also called Bhangar, and new alluvium called khadar. Remember, the new alluvium can be about ten thousand years old.
5. The old alluvium often contains lime nodules, known as Kankar.
6. The fertility of the alluvial soil varies from place to place. Due to its softness and fertility, alluvial soil is most suited to irrigation and can produce bumper crops of rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, jute, oilseeds, etc.

Need and Importance of Local Self Government:

1. Effective management of local affairs - like sanitation, electricity, water supply, education, and public works can be handled by local people only.
2. The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People have better knowledge of problems in their localities. They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently.
3. Local bodies provide opportunities to the people to provide good training to manage national and state affairs later on in life.
4. Due to devolution, the State Government is relieved of some of its burdens.
5. The system is extremely economical - Local self Governments are less expensive as compared to the administration of a locality by the State Government. (Any three)

The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are:


→ Horizontal Distribution of Power: The power is shared among the different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India.


→ Vertical Distribution of Power: The power is shared among governments at different levels– a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example: In India, power is shared among Central government, State government and local governments.


→ Distribution of Power among different Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.Example: ‘Community Government’ in Belgium.


→ Distribution of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements: Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements control or influence those who are in power. Different political parties contest elections for power which ensures that power does not remain in one hand and shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements influence the decision making process.
 

The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is the per capita income or average income of a person in a country. Limitations of this criterion: It does not tell us about how this average income is distributed among the people in the individual countries.

National symbols used by countries outside Europe are flags, birds, flower, national anthem. EXPLANATION: The flag of 'United States of America' is blue coloured and has 50 stars on it surrounded by 'red and white stripes'. The bird used as a national symbol of America is the bald eagle.

A symbol is a very quick way of communicating ideas. Not just one but many at the same time. In a freedom struggle there will always be an attempt to stop the flow of ideas contrary to those of the party in power.

The French Revolution of 1848 began in February of that year with widespread protests in Paris. The King, Louis Philippe, was forced to abdicate, and the Second Republic was proclaimed. National Workshops were created to address unemployment, and voting rights were expanded to universal male suffrage.

In 1985, the concept of consumer rights was endorsed by the United Nations through the United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection, which expands them to include eight basic rights.

The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria-Hungary. It was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples because: It included the Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where the class was mainly German-speaking.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the father of Indian Revolutionary Movement. Various other revolutionaries in India set up different society across. Like Abinav Bharat Society, Anusian Society,Ghadar Party are few of the societies of India.

Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag.

India:

National Flag: Three trips of orange white and green colour with chakra in the middle.

National bird: Peacock is referred as the “national bird of India”.

National flower: Lotus is referred as the “national flower of India”.

National Anthem: Jana Gana Mana is India’s national anthem.

National Patriotic song: Vande Mataram is India’s National Patriotic song.

China:

National Flag: Red flag with one big and five small yellow colour stars.

National bird: Chinese dragon is referred as the national bird of China.

National flower: Peony is referred as the “national flower of China”.  

National Anthem: March of volunteers is China’s national anthem.

National Patriotic song: “The plum blossom” is China’s National Patriotic song.

Russia:

National Flag: Three horizontal strips of white blue and red colour.

National bird: Double head eagle is referred as the national bird of Russia.

National flower: Camomile is referred as the national flower of Russia.

National Anthem: Hymn of Russia is Russia’s national anthem.

National Patriotic song: Grom pobedy is Russia’s National Patriotic song.

America:

National Flag: 50 stars on blue colour back ground surrounded by red and white strips.

National bird: Bald eagle is referred as the national bird of America.

National flower: Rose is referred as the national flower of America.

National Anthem: The star spangled is America’s national anthem.

National Patriotic song: God Bless is America’s National Patriotic song.

The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to the following reasons : There was enormous increase in population all over Europe. There were more seekers of jobs than employment. People migrated from rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

People began working in the factories and in this way secondary sector became the most important sector. - During past several years, there is a shift from secondary to tertiary sector in the developed countries. Most of the people are employed in the tertiary sector. These are the historical changes in the sectors.

The state is the ruling administration, while the nation is the collective cultural identity of the people. Power and authority are centralised in modern states. A nation-state must have a single government, physical borders, and a shared national identity.

The primary deciding factor of section is the income of an individual. However, the other goals are also sought with almost equal importance. Here, apart from finding ways to get more income, people often look for such things like security, equal treatment, freedom and respect.
These happen to be the most important goals in the life of an individual. The main factor on which life is dependent is money or income; however, the quality of our life depends on a number of non-material factors.