Rinderpest was the fast spreading and devastating disease of cattle plague.
Effects of Rinderpest :
It affected the Africans in following ways :
(i) Rinderpest moved like forest fire.
(ii) 90% of cattle were killed.
(iii) The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Earlier people rarely worked for a wage. They possessed land and livestock. Due to Rinderpest, they were forced to work for wages and so it affected the economy.
(iv) Colonial government forced the Africans into labour market.

(i) Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions.

(ii) They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from wearing villagers and carried the supply to the ports.

(iii) At ports, they had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants who were operating inland.

Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution. The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless, continued to inspire liberals. One of the major issues taken up by the liberal nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.

The three Round Table Conferences  of 1930–32 were a series of  conferences organized by the British government to discuss  constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted as per the  recommendation by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930. Demands for swaraj,  or self-rule, in India had been growing increasingly strong. By the  1930s, many British politicians believed that India needed to move  towards dominion status.  However, there were significant disagreements between the Indian and  the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve.

The major impact of caste on Indian democracy is the " Vote-bank politics" where the votes during elections are garnered on caste bias.
 

When a particular caste tries to gain prominence by adding many neighbouring castes and sub-castes which were earlier not included.
The caste system also becomes politicised when caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes. In such a case, every caste tries to gain maximum benefits for itself.

The Swaraj Party was formed by Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das in order to fight British colonialism from within and give the people of India a responsible and responsive government by making the colonial state accountable. The formation of this party allowed the Congress leaders who believed in participating in government an avenue to contest elections.

During the 'Age of Revolution', the first insurrection took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon dynasty, restored during the conservative reaction after 1815, was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. In its place, a constitutional moarchy with Louis Philippe at is head was installed. This 'July Revolution' led to another insurrection in Brussels and led to Begium becoming independent from the control of the Kingdom of Netherlands. Even before these events, it had been witnessed that France was the political nervecentre of the rest of Europe. Ever since the French Revolution, the political developments in France had direct impact on the rest of the European continent. Hence Metternich said 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'.

1. Water is an important component required for existence of life as well as to carry out various economic activities like agriculture, industries, etc.
2. Freshwater availability in the world is limited to the surface water and ground water resources which is only around 2% of total water available on the earth.
3. Due to rapid industrialisation and urbanisation this potable water is being used indiscriminately by those in its possession thereby leading to its scarcity for the have-nots as well as the future generations.
4. Conservation of water can help in sustainable development of our society and hence required in this generation.

a. India is an agricultural country.
b. Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood.
c. Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy.
d. It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product.
e. It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw materials for industries.
f. Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity.

Agriculture is a primary activity .

European romanticism was an artistic and literary movement in Europe that emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century. The movement developed as a reaction to the industrial revolution and the scientific rationalization of nature. The main features of the movement was that it emphasised the emotional aspect of human nature as opposed to the rational aspect. It focused on having an emotional experience of the beauty and wonder of nature. It considered folk art and ancient customs as being worthy of respect as opposed to the rational school of thought which viewed such ancient norms as primitive.

When the French set about creating a modern Vietnam, they decided to rebuild Hanoi with modern engineering skill. The French part of Hanoi was beautiful as a beutiful and clean city while the ‘Native quarter’ was not provided with any modern facilities. The refuse and filth from the old city drained straight into the river, which overflowed into the streets during heavy rain. Thus what was installed to create a hygiene enviroment became a cause of the plague. The large sewers used in modern Hanoi became the ideal breeding ground for rats. The rats moved around the city without any problem. And rats began to enter the well-cared-for homes of French through the sewage pipes.

During the 'Age of Revolution', the first insurrection took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon dynasty, restored during the conservative reaction after 1815, was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. In its place, a constitutional moarchy with Louis Philippe at is head was installed. This 'July Revolution' led to another insurrection in Brussels and led to Begium becoming independent from the control of the Kingdom of Netherlands. Even before these events, it had been witnessed that France was the political nervecentre of the rest of Europe. Ever since the French Revolution, the political developments in France had direct impact on the rest of the European continent. Hence Metternich said 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'.

(i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
(ii) Temperature is required from 25°C to 30°C.
(iii) Pulses grow well in the areas of 50-75 cm rainfall.
(iv) These can be grown on all types of soil but dry light soil is the best suited.
(v) Pulses are leguminous crops which help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Thus, pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.
Major pulses producing states are : Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Maharashtra Karnataka.

“Decentralisation” is a major step to modify the concept of democracy and federalism. It is very significant for all practical aspects.
(i) It helps in the settlement of a large number of problems and issues at the local level.
(ii) It provides a platform for the direct participation of people in decision making. Hence, inculcates a habit of “democratic participation.”
(iii) In another way decentralisation in the form of “local self government” is the best way to realise principles of Democracy, i.e., “Democracy at the grassroots level.”
(iv) Thus, decentralisation is rationale for the federal concept.

Efforts made by the Government in the field of health:
(i) The life expectancy at birth in India has more than doubled in the last fifty years. It has reached nearly 62 years.
(ii) In the plan-period, the mortality rate declined to nearly 9 per thousand and infant mortality has come down to 70 per thousand live births. Similarly maternal mortality rate has also declined.
(iii) Efforts have been made to overcome the nutritional problems in the country and considerable progress has been achieved.
(iv) Smallpox has been completely eradicated and malaria, T.B., leprosy, filaria, etc. have also been controlled to a large extent.
(v) There has been a large increase in the number of hospitals, doctors, nurses and compounders and the extension of health facilities in the country.
(vi) Special attention is being given to the extension ’ of health facilities in the rural areas and some progress has also been made in this direction.

First World War: The War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue. Prices of items increased during the war years. The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common people were the worst sufferers because of price rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was another cause of widespread anger among people.

Khilafat Movement:The Khilafat issue gave him the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform. The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World War. There were rumours about a harsh peace treating likely to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor; who was the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). A Khilafat committed was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the cause to build a united mass action. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the resolution was passed to launch a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and also for swaraj.
Non-Cooperation Movement:In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. Gandhiji believed that if Indians begin to refuse to cooperate, the British rulers will have no other way than to leave India.

A combination of social divisions and politics can be really  dangerous. A democracy involves competition among various political  parties. As their competition tends to divide society, if they start  competing in terms of some existing social divisions, then it can  convert those social divisions into political divisions, which can lead  to conflict, violence and even disintegration of the country. An example  of this is the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent  countries.
However, the combination of social divisions and  politics is not always negative. The political expression of social  divisions allows marginalised and disadvantaged social groups to express  their grievances and ask the government to rectify them. The system of  reservation of seats in Indian legislatures for the socially  disadvantaged has allowed such social groups to have an adequate  representation in the decision-making process.