When Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January, 1915 he started a Satya-
graha movement in India in various places.
(i) Satyagraha comprised of two Sanskrit words Satya and agraha. Satya means
truth and agraha means path. Thus Satyagraha means following the path of
truth and non-violence to attain freedom and fight against injustice.
(ii) It is the philosophy of non-violent resistance adopted by Gandhiji to end the
British Raj in India.
(iii) The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and need to search for
truth.
(iv) Satyagraha advocated that for true cause and struggle against injustice,
physical force is not required to fight with the oppressor.
(v) Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win battle through non-violence.

• History use the help of different sources to learn about the past.
• One can know about the past from sources like coins, inscriptions, writings on palm leaves etc.
• After the entry of paper, people started to write in it holy texts, sacred teachings of saints, accounts, tax records of rulers, sultans etc,
• In the later centuries, these information were written down as manuscripts
• These manuscripts were collected by wealthy rulers, people, monasteries and temples.
• They were also preserved in libraries and archives.
• These manuscripts provide a lot of useful information to historians.

Five impacts of the Print Culture were as follows:
1.Increase in literacy levels. The literacy levels went exceedingly high with print culture. Education, which was once a monopoly of the elite, was now accessible to the common masses.
2. It created the prospect of wide circulation of ideas and made debates and discussions easy. It was easy to now print and consult ideas.
3.Influenced popular perceptions and opened up new perspectives. It is in this context that many tout the French Revolution was a consequence of the print culture.
4. Ideas of scientists and philosophers were now accessible to common people.
5. People were now much better informed of the world around them with several newspapers and journals published.

Dry farming 

(i) Dry farming is that farming in which moisture is maintained by raising a special type of crops. 
(ii) This is practised in dry areas of the country such as, North Western India. 
(iii) Gram and peas are the important crops. 

Wet farming 

(i) Wet farming is a type of farming which depends mainly upon rain. 
(ii) This type of far-ming is prevalent in the North, North-Eastern, Eastern India and the Western slopes of the Western Ghats. 
(iii) Rice, jute, sugar-cane, etc., are the important crops. 

Consumer Protection Act, 1986, popularly known as COPRA  is enacted to safeguard the interest of consumers and being protected them against exploitation. It led to the formation of the three tier consumer courts at the district, state and national level.

The three steps taken to solve the problem of plague in Vietnam are given below:
(i) Rat hunt was started in 1902. The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid
them for each rat they caught.
(ii) Bounty programme was started. Those who did the dirty work of entering sewers
could negotiate a bounty. The bounty was paid when a tail was given as a proof
that a rat had been killed.
(iii) Clearing of the large sewers on a regular basis as they had become an ideal
and protected breeding ground for rats.

French thought that the colonies were necessary because:
a. To establish control over natural resources and to ensure supply of raw materials and goods.
b. The French policy-makers wanted to educate the people of colonies because they considered education as one way to civilize the “natives".  They were driven by the idea of a ‘Civilizing Mission’, and considered it their duty to bring modern ideas to the colony and to reshape its culture and also to have an educated labor force.
c. The objective was also to develop these colonies so as to improve standard of living of the people and improving their purchasing power who would then buy goods leading to profits for French businessmen.

The reasons for this:
(i) The decision making process in democracy is delayed.
(ii) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people.
(iii) It often ignore the demands of majority of its population.
(iv) The routine tales of corruption associated with it.
(v) Most democracies fall short of elections that provide fair chance to everyone and in subjecting every decision to public debate.

• Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was an important figure in liberal natioanlism. He made a significant contribution to the unification of Italy.
• By 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini put forward a coherent programme of a unitary Italian Republic formed a secret society named Young Italy to inspire them with ideas of unification.
• He inspired the youth of Italy with natioanlist ideas.
• He believed God intended nations to be natural units of mankind and Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.

He told that because of the following reasons
1) The revolutionary spirit spread all over europe only after the french revolution tool place in 1789.the ideas of liberty,equality, and fraternity gained popularity among people all over europe.
2) educated people especially got attracted to these ideas.
3) the political upheaval in france tat took place in July 1830 sparked revolutions in places like brussels which led to belgium breaking away from the united kingdom of netherland

The process of unification of Germany:
1. The middle-class Germans had tried to fight for a united nation governed by an elected parliament in 1848 but were repressed by the monarchy and military.
2. Otto von Bismarck, chief minister of Prussian led the movement for unification of Germany. He was supported by the bureaucracy and the Prussian army.
3. After three wars with Austria, Denmark, and France, Prussia won and unified Germany. The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German emperor in January 1871.

1. Railways is one of the modes of transport in India.
2. Railways carry people and goods over long distances quickly and cheaply.
3. The Indian Railways is the largest employer, largest network.
4. The railways are giving largest income to the government.
5. It also runs on a wide variety of terrains, including the Himalayas, deserts, rivers, runs on hanging tracks on ropes.
6. It has an efficient system of rail traffic, signalling and communication system.
7. It is also an economic lifeline of India since many passengers use it every single day and the Indian Government gets a lot of money from railways.