Communalism is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interest at the cost of other communities.  The concept of communalism holds that religious distinction is the most fundamental and overriding distinction that separates a particular community from others.

No British Nation was in existence before the 18th century. Different ethnic groups of people were there in the British Isles such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. Each of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. On the other hand, the rest of Europe had no such arrangements. Nationalism in Britain was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was due to a long drawn process. The English nation possessed the other three nations of the islands through a steady growth in property wealth and power. Besides this, the English language, British Flag and National Anthem were promoted as national symbols to identify the nationality of the nation.
The British Parliament became the chief instrument to curb the power of the monarchy in 1688 through a bloodless revolution. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain. With the advent of English power the English removed the cultural, political institutions of Scotland forcefully and the cots were banned from speaking the Gaelic language and put on the national dress.

Self-help groups (SHGs) are small groups of people (especially from rural areas) who pool their resources and individual savings together. It is from this pool that loans are given to those members who are in urgent need of money. The loans provided by SHGs are at very nominal interest rates, which is lower than that charged by the informal sector. If the SHG functions well for over a year, then it becomes eligible for loans from banks. Such loans are then used for creating self-employment opportunities for the poor. It is with this bank loan that self-employment is created for the members of the group and their families, thereby increasing their standard of living. SHGs are working in rural India and have greatly helped in taking out poor farmers from debt-traps and helping them lead a life of dignity. Another remarkable success made by these groups is in making the Indian rural women self-reliant. Thus, with the help of SHGs, the rural poor become economically upgraded, and need not to be dependent on moneylenders anymore.

 Exploitation in the marketplace happens in various ways.
(i) Shopkeepers weigh less than what they should.
(ii) Traders add charges that were not mentioned.
(iii) When defective or adulterated goods are sold.
(iv) When false information is passed on through the media.
(v) Traders and producers hoard goods and create an artificial scarcity in the market to sell those hoarded goods at higher prices.

To integrate people from different ethnic communities one should learn from Belgium-model of government.
In Belgium, the government accommodated its diverse ethnic population in the following manner:
i. There are equal number of Dutch and French ministers in the Central government. Therefore, no single community can take decisions unilaterally.
ii. The state governments are not subordinate to the central government.
iii. The capital city of Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have
equal representation.
 

1. The Rowlatt Act was a law passed by the British in colonial India in March 1919, indefinitely extending "emergency measures" enacted during the First World War in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy.
2. This act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person for a maximum period of two years, without trial who was suspected of doing terror in the Raj.
3. The Rowlatt Act gave British imperial authorities power to deal with revolutionary activities.

Print culture embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of visual communication. One prominent scholar in the field is Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted print culture, which appeared in Europe in the centuries after the advent of the Western printing-press (and much earlier in China where woodblock printing was used from 594 AD), to scribal culture. Walter Ong, by contrast, has contrasted written culture, including scribal, tooral culture. Ong is generally considered one of the first scholars to define print culture in contrast to oral culture. These views are related as the printing press brought a vast rise in literacy, so that one of its effects was simply the great expansion of written culture at the expense of oral culture. The development of printing, like the development of writing itself, had profound effects on human societies and knowledge. "Print culture" refers to the cultural products of the printing transformation.

Mahatma Gandhi discovered salt was a common ingredient in the food of both rich and poor. He viewed the tax on salt and the monopoly of the Government on its production as downright oppressive.
 On 31^st January 1930, he sent a letter to Lord Irwin stating eleven wide ranging demands of various classes of India. The launch of Civil Disobedience was also stated.
 On refusal to negotiate by the British, Mahatma Gandhi launched a salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat.
 On 6^th April Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The following features mark the process of urbanization in modern India.

1. The four metropolitan cities of India, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai saw rapid increase in population growth, post independence.
2. The rising contribution to India's GDP from industrial sector and decline from that of the agricultural sector, made people shift from villages to the cities.
3. The standard of living in the urban areas in moderns India became better because of the adoptions of new technologies.
4. Large scale immigration of people during the partition also played a part in the urbanization of the country.

The following measures can he taken to increase employment in rural and urban areas
(i) Improve irrigation facilities, so that farmers harvest two or three crops in a year. Thus, more people can be employed.
(it) More dams should be built on rivers, so that more water can be provided to small farmers to increase the number of crops grown annually.
(iii) Provide better roads and improve transportation and storage, which will benefit small farmers and many people will be employed in these sectors.
(iv) Honey collection centres and vegetable and fruit processing units should be set-up.
(v) More cottage industries and services should be promoted in rural areas with soft loans and marketing support.

Ordinance 10 is a french law , according to which there is a outlawed of buddhism from french and given permit to christanity to country . This law was retained by NGO Dinh Diem in that country.

Discrimination happens when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes. Discrimination can be done on the basis of religion, gender, caste, creed, place of birth, language spoken, socioeconomic barrier, etc. Some occupations are considered to be better than other occupations.