(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa on June 22nd, 1807 in a middle
class family.
(ii) He was a patriot, Italian revolutionary, founder of Young Italy and an
important figure in liberal nationalism.
(iii) He was one of the three revolutionaries who made a significant
contribution in Italian unification. His efforts led to the unification of
Italy.
(iv) In 1830, he joined the revolutionary Carbonari (a secret association with
political purposes) for which he was arrested soon and put in jail.
(v) There he organised a new political society called Young Italy, whose basic
principle was the union of the several states and kingdoms into one
republic.
(vi) He founded underground societies like Young Italy in Marseilles, and
Young Europe in Berne.
(vii) To evoke people’s reaction Mazzini wrote several essays that voiced the
injustice to the working class such as the peasants, professionals,
artists, and intellectuals.
(viii) He was elected as a member of a constituent assembly and acquired the
responsibility of framing a constitution for the Roman Republic.

Since the activities of tertiary sector generate services rather than goods, it is called service sector. It includes some essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods. We require teachers, doctors and those who provide personal services such as washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers and people to do administrative and accounting works. In recent times, certain new services based on information technology such as Internet cafe, ATM booths, call centres, software companies, etc. have become important.

With the invention of printing, novels started growing in popularity. The stories depicted the lives of the contemporary times and thus helped the readers to associate themselves with the novels. Themes of love, marriage, proper conduct of men and women helped the 18th  century men to relate to the stories.

(i) Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice.
(ii) The constitutional arrangements for sharing power work in reality depend to a large extent, on how the ruling parties and leaders follow these arrangements.
(iii) For a long time, the same party ruled both the centre and in most of the states. This meant that the state governments did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when the ruling party at the state level was different, the parties that ruled at the centre tried to undermine the power of the states. In those days, the Central Government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism.
(iv) All this changed significantly after 1990. This period saw the rise of regional parties in many states of the country.This was also the beginning of the era of coalition governments at the centre. Since no single party got a clear majority in Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of the state governments. This trend was supported by a majority.

Caste in politics explains how caste is an important factor in elections and also it refers to various forms caste can take in politics, and how this issue which is indeed a social factor gets politicised.
Politics in caste,expalins how politics impacts caste, it explains how various caste based groups are trying to assert their rights in their quest to acquire power and authority.

To stop the spread of plague, as rat hunt was started in 1902. Vietnamese workers were hired for the task and were paid for each rat being caught. People began to catch rats in thousands. The payment was done when a tail of a rat was shown as a proof that a rat had been killed. Many people began just clipping the tails and collecting the bounty. Many people even began to raise rat to earn more. This incident showed that at some juncture even the superior power of a colonial master fails and even the weak can assume a very strong bargaining position.

(i) Role of education : It plays a vital role in the overall development of a human being and society, therefore stress on imparting education has been given up in our constitution.
(ii) Role of Health : The general health standard in India is quite low. This is quite inevitable as nearly one fourth of the population lives below the poverty line.
(iii) A community : based programme on health care and medical services in rural areas are launched. As a result of these efforts, there has been a fall in the incidence of certain diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy and polio.

Haussmanisation of Paris In 1852, Napoleon III became the ruler of Paris and decided to rebuild Paris. The chief architect of the new Paris was Baron Haussmann. He designed straight, broad avenues or boulevards, and open spaces and transplanted full grown trees. The poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of political rebellion and to beautify the city. By 1870, about one-fifth of the streets of Paris were the creation of Haussmann.

Growth is reffered to as a physical change i.e.becoming bigger in size.Development is both physical ,social and psychological change.

Growth

1. Growth is quantitative.
2. Increase in a country's real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources.
3. Economic Growth can be measured by an increase in a country's gross domestic product.

Development

1. Development is quantitative and qualitative
2. Increase in living standards
3. Leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment

Development goal vary from person to person.Each person seeks different things,They seek things that are most important for them i.e.which can fulfil their aspirations or desires.In fact ,at times ,two persons may seek things which are conflicting.Agirl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother,and that he also shares in the household work.Her brother may not like this.Similarly ,to get more electricity,industrialists may want more dams.But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as tribals.They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.

The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which commenced in 1948. 

The biggest hint of federalism in India lies in the history of its foundation in 1947 when after the Partition of Pakistan from the Indian subcontinent all the provinces, presidencies, and princely states were united under an instrument of accession that signifies that all these previously sovereign or reliant states came together to be called one nation-state. The development and the journey of India as a federal country can be broadly understood by dividing it into two parts: The constitutional/legal provisions and the face of federalist India brought in by the Judiciary.

Gram Sabha includes all the adult citizen voters of the village. It is empowered to support or topple down the Gram Panchayat body.
The functions of Gram Sabha are
(i) It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat.
(ii) It supervises the work of the Gram Panchayat.
(iii) It approves the annual budget of the Panchayat.
(iv) It reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.

The growth of population increased the demand of food grains in Britain. The landed aristocracy pressurised the government to restrict the import of corn into the country. These laws came to be known as the Corn Laws.
The promulgation of the Corn Laws further pushed up the prices of food grains. The industrialists and urban dwellers were unhappy with the Corn Laws which resulted in the government abolishing the laws.

Political parties and pressure groups play a vital role in power sharing in a democracy.Existence of different political parties provide people the opportunity to choose. This create competition among different political parties. Such competition shows that power is not confined in single hand.In the long run,  power is shared among different political parties.

The technological and institutional reforms made in the field of agriculture are :
(a) Land reforms : collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari.
(b) Agricultural reforms : Green revolution and White revolution.
(c) Land development programmes : Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone etc., establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans.
(d) Issuing of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc.
(e) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.