Gandhi had announced the launching of the Non Cooperation Movement in August 1920. The Indian National Congress met in September at Calcutta to pass the resolution of the Non Cooperation Movement. But many Congressmen were concerned with the proposals of the movement. They feared that the movement would lead to viloence. From September to December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. In December 1920, Congress met once again in the Nagpur Session. It was finally in this session that a compromise was worked out among the supporters and opponents of the movement and Non Cooperation Movement was finally adopted.
So, Gandhi wished to pass the resolution of the Non Cooperation movement in the Calcutta session but due to opposition he was able to get it passed in the Nagpur session in 1920.

“The power sharing” arrangements in our country is mainly based on the quasi federal nature of federation. The Indian constitution provided a “three fold distribution” of legislative powers between the union government and the state government known as ‘Three List System’.

1. Union List
2. State List
3. Concurrent List
   (i) Union list—‘Union list’ contains 97 subjects of national importance.
   • The union legislature legislates the subjects of union list.
   • Defence,foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency are examples of the union list.
   (ii) **State list—**State list contains 66 subjects of local importance’.
   • The state legislature assembly legislates on the subjects of state legislature.
   • Police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.
   (iii) **Concurrent List—**Concurrent List contains 47 subjects which are important for both the union and state government.
   • On the concurrent list subject both union and the state legislature can legislate but in the case of conflict only union law prevails.
   • Subjects like, education, forests, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession are the examples of concurrent list.

Hand loom cloth production expanded rapidly and tripled between 1900 and 1940. This was due to the technological changes that led to the adoption of looms with fly shuttle by weavers. It increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and increased labour demand. Other innovations also helped the weavers to improve their productivity and compete with mills.

There were many secret revolutionary societies that sprang up in many European states in the year following 1815 .One of them was founded by Italian Revolutionary who founded the secret society by the name of Young Italy his name was Giuseppe Mazzini .These secret societies were founded to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas in many European countries.

Formal sector loans:

1. These loans are supervised by the RBI.
2. The terms of credit are fixed and the rate of interest is not very high.
3. It follows the rules and regulations set by the government.
4. It comprises 52% of the total loans given in the country.

Informal sector loans:

1. These consists of loans from moneylenders, landlords, friends, relatives, etc.
2. These are not under the control of RBI.
3. The rate of interests are very high.
4. It doesn't follow any rules and regulations.
5. It comprises 48% of the total loans given in the country.

The First World War created a new political and economic situation in India.
(i) It led to huge increase in defense expenditure, Custom duties were raised,
income tax was introduced to finance the war.
(ii) Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, forced recruitment in rural areas
caused widespread resentment.
(iii) Prices of essential commodities doubled between 1913 and 1918 leading to
extreme hardship to the common people.
(iv) In 1918-19, 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute food
shortage.
(v) Influenza epidemic spread. According to the census in 1921, 12-13 million
people perished due to famines and epidemics.

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed under the leadership of Ho Chi

Minh. The new republic faced a number of problems.

(i) The French tried to regain their control taking help of the emperor, Bao Dai,

their puppet. They became successful in forcing Vietminh to retreat to the

hills.

(ii) The Supreme French Commander of the French armies, General Henry

Navarre had declared confidently in 1953 that they would soon be victorious.

But this did not happen.

(iii) On 7 May 1954, the Vietminh destroyed and captured more than 16,000

soldiers of the French Expeditionary Corps.

(iv) The entire commanding staff, including a general, 16 colonels and 1,749

officers were made prisoners.

(v) The Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North

and South were split. Ho Chi Minh and the Communists took power in the

north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.

(vi) This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a

battlefield bringing death and destruction to its people and the environment.

(vii) The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Diah Diem.

Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed

him was called a communist and was failed and killed.

(viii) Diem’s dictatorial regime came to be opposed by a broad opposition united under

the banner of the National Liberation Front (NLF).

(ix) With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north the NLF fought for

the unification of the country. The US watched this alliance with fear. Worried

about communists gaining power, it decided to intervene decisively, sending

in troops and arms.

1. Peasant movement was largely against the exploitation by talukdars and landlords, demanding reduction in revenue and removal of begar. Many Panchayats even organised nail-dhobi bhands were they refused any service to the landlords.
 2. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra with over 300 branches in the villages. They tried to bring Awadh's peasant struggle within Non-Cooperation Movement.
3. The movement turned violent in 1921. The houses of talukdars and merchants, as well as the bazaars, were attacked and looted. The name of Gandhi was used by local leaders to approve every action like paying no tax.

• During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful .
• Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
• They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
• To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
• Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.