• Mahatma Gandhi discovered salt was a common ingredient in the food of both rich and poor. He viewed the tax on salt and the monopoly of the Government on its production as downright oppressive.
•  On 31st January 1930, he sent a letter to Lord Irwin stating eleven wide ranging demands of various classes of India. The launch of Civil Disobedience was also stated.
•  On refusal to negotiate by the British, Mahatma Gandhi launched a salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat.
•  On 6th April Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Satyagraha is derived from a sanskrit word 'satya' and 'agraha' which means the path followed by truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause was truth and the fight is against injustice then there is no need of any physical force, and Satyagrahi can win the fight with the help of truth and non-violence. So, the idea of Satyagraha was based on truth and peace. He started the movements in January 1915, to spread the idea of Satyagraha like civil disobedience and non cooperation. He helped peasants, farmers and plantation workers to retain their liberty to reduce taxes to get freedom. S, the idea was comprised of:
(i) Following the path of truth and non-violence to attain freedom and fight against injustice.
(ii) Philosophy of nonviolent resistance adopted to end the British Raj in India.
(iii) The idea emphasized the power of truth and need to search for truth.
(iv) It advocated that for true cause and struggle against injustice, physical force is not required to fight with the oppressor.
(v) Without being aggressive, people can win battle through non-violence.
(vi) People-including the oppressors-had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
 

Caste barriers are breaking down in India due to the following reasons:

(i) With the economic development, large-scale urbanisation, the growth of literacy and education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.

(ii) Due to socio-economic changes, i.e., now, most of the times, in urban areas it does not matter much who is walking along next to us on street or eating at the next table in a restaurant.

(iii) The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations of policies to reserve the injustices of the caste system.

Anthracite:-  it is the highest quality hard coal. it s found in the parts of J&K.
Bituminous:- this coal has been buried deep&subjected to increased temperatures. it is the most popular coal in commercial use.
Lignite:-  it is the low grade brown coal which has high moisture content and is soft in nature. it is found in neyvelli, tamilnadu.
Peat:-  decaying planyts in swamps produce peat, which has low carbon content and high moisture content.

Clayey soil: Clayey soil is made of a relatively higher proportion of fine particles. Unlike sandy soils, these soils have very less space between particles. Because the particles are smaller in size, water can be trapped in the tiny gaps between them. Clay soils are heavy and hold more water.
 

Reading mania had increased the demand for books and which had lead to the increase in demand for the print.

1) New forms of literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences. A children's press was set up in France in 1857 devoted to children alone. The Grimm Brothers collected and compiled traditional folk tales. 
2) Women became both important readers and writers. Penny magazines were specially meant for women. Prominent women novelists were Jane Austen, the Bronte Sisters and George Eliot. Their novel defined a new type of women - a person with will, strength, personality and power to think.
3) Leading libraries in England became instrumental for the middle and lower classes. After shortening of work hours, workers had time for self-improvement and self-expression. They wrote about politics and autobiography.

India is one of the multilingual nations of the world because of its linguistic, cultural, ethnic, religious diversity being very strong and wide spread.

During the last thousand years, India was conquered and invaded by many empires and also divided into many smaller kingdoms. This resulted in spreading of various languages without any particular language becoming dominant. Thus, after attaining independence from the British, the Indian leaders acknowledged the opportunity to unite the many regions of the country with a common, universal language. This resulted in Constitution of India not giving the status of national language to any one language. However, it identified Hindi as the official language. This was due to Hindi being spoken by 40% of the Indian population while the rest spoke the other 21 languages recognized as Scheduled languages by the Constitution of India.

Moreover, the Constitution tried to eradicate the English language with a view to wipe out all the memories of colonial rule, so that India could have its own voice. But, many non- Hindi speaking States demanded that the use of English to continue. (For instance: In Tamil Nadu, this movement took a violent form.) Thus, our leaders while choosing Hindi adopted a very cautious attitude and responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes.

Therefore, the flexibility shown by Indian political leaders to promote the regional languages helped in maintaining the federal character of the nation. Hence, it is very important that we take pride while using Hindi language as well one's own mother tongue.