1. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): This party was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Building a strong and modern India is the main goal of this party. The BJP wants to promote cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva). This party wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code and a ban on religious conversions. It support base increased significantly in the 1990s. The Party came to power in 1998 and remained in power till 2004. This party stormed back to power in centre in 2014.
2. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): This party was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. The party seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. This party has good presence in Uttar Pradesh and has been in power in UP for a couple of terms.
3. Communist Party of India (CPI): This party was formed in 1925. It has the same philosophy as CPI (M). Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured about 1.4 per cent votes and 10 seats in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front. Initially supported the UPA government from outside, but withdrew support in late 2008.
4. Indian National Congress (INC): This is popularly known as the Congress Party. This is one of the oldest parties of the world and was founded in 1885. The Congress Party had played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India’s Independence. Since the first general elections in 1952, the Congress party had been in power continuously till 1977. After that, it came back to power in 1980 and remained till 1989. The Congress Party once again came back to power in 1991 for another five years. Congress Party came back in power in 2004 and completed two terms in office, i.e. ten years.

The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionised the technique and organisation of production in the later half of the 18 th century. This Industrial Revolution replaced the previous domestic system of production by the new factory system. In place of manual and animal power, new machines and steam power were used for producing things. This revolution replaced cottage industries by factories, hand labour by machine work and craftsmen and artists by capitalists and factory owners.

Money: Money is a means by which we can get something in exchange. Initially, coins came into use. The coins were initially made of precious metals; like gold and silver.
Credit: Banks keep a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves. This is usually 15% of their deposits as cash. This amount is kept as provision to pay the depositors who may come to withdraw the money on any day. This amount is enough because only a small fraction of people come to withdraw money on a given day. The rest of the amount is used by the banks to give money on credit to people who need the credit.

The Indus receives a number of Himalayan tributaries such as the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Zaskar, the Hunza, the Nubra, the Shigar, the Gasting and the Dras. It finally emerges out of the hills near Attock where it receives the Kabul River on its right bank. The other important tributaries joining the right bank of the Indus are the Khurram, the Tochi, the Gomal, the Viboa and the Sangar. They all originate in the Sulaiman ranges.

“Social divisions” affect politics in both negative ways and positive ways.
Negative Impact
If we observe social division and politics together at first sight;
(i) Itwouldappearthatthecombinationofpoliticsand social divisions is very dangerous and explosive.
(ii) Democracy involves competition among various political units/parties. Their competition tends to divide the society.
In case political parties start competing in terms of some prevalent social differences it can further lead to social conflict and disintegration of society. For example, Yugoslavia and Northern Ireland.
• In Northern Ireland there has been a violent and bitter ethnopolitical conflict for many years.
• In the same way political competition along religious and ethnic lines lead to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
Positive Impact
(i) At the same time every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters because wherever social divisions exist, they are reflected in politics.
(ii) In democracy it is only natural that political parties

•  would talk about these divisions.
• make different promises to different communities.
• look after due representation of various communities.
• make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.

(iii) Social divisions also affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.
(iv) In many countries there are parties that focus only on one community, e.g., DMK, AIADMK, BSP in India.
(v) Thus, it would be best if there are no social divisions in any country.
Hence, all this does not lead to disintegration of the country.

• Dutch and French speaking ministers are equal in the central government.
• Some of the Powers of the central government have been given to state governmentt.
• The state governments  are not subordinate to the central government.
• Brussels has a separate government where both the communities have equal representation.
• There is another government  called community government  elected by the people belonging to Dutch, French and German.

The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system are :
(i) Decline in economic power of the USA :
(a) US dollar no longer commanded confidence.
(b) US dollar could not maintain its value in relation to gold.
(c) A collapse of fixed exchange rates on floating exchange rates.
(ii) Change in the international financial: The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. The international financial system changed, and developing countries were forced to borrow from western commercial banks.
(iii) Unemployment in industrialized countries: Industrial world was hit by unemployment. The number of unemployed started rising and people
trudged long distances looking for any work they could find.
(iv) Shifting to production enterprises: MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labor and low wages.
(v) Changes in China: China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs.

The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the 1973 oil crisis, and the 1973–1974 stock market crash, which led to the 1970s recession. Narrowly defined, the period spanned from 1945 to 1952, with overall growth lasting well until 1971, though there are some debates on dating the period, and booms in individual countries differed, some starting as early as 1945, and overlapping the rise of the East Asian economies into the 1980s or 1990s.the post war world economy and int'l economy are one and the same.

There are two types of disasters:

1) Natural Disasters

Natural disasters are large-scale geological or meteorological events that have the potential to cause loss of life or property. These types of disasters include:

• Tornadoes and Severe Storms
• Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
• Floods
• Wildfires
• Earthquakes
• Drough

2) Human-caused Disasters
Examples include industrial accidents, shootings, acts of terrorism, and incidents of mass violence. As with natural disasters, these types of traumatic events may also cause loss of life and property. They may also prompt evacuations from certain areas and overwhelm behavioral health resources in the affected communities.

Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile industries. Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality cotton from India.

Sustainable development is the key to the stable growth of economy.  It will not only lead to the development of the present economy but will also lead to its development in the future. It means that development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. This concept stresses the role of the environment as capital that, if exhausted, cannot be replaced. It requires preservation of human capital, physical capital and natural capital.