The base of India’s social structure is casteism.
Casteism means to distinguish people on the basis • of their caste. Although the practice of untouchability has been abolished by the Constitution of India, yet it continues to exist to some extent even upto the present day. Caste system has been an integral part of Indian society . since time immemorial.,
These are the five features ofthe caste system in India
(i) It was a hierarchical occupational division of the society. - .
(ii) In ancient times, ‘varna’ system started in India which had four varnas-Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The basis of these castes were their occupations.
(iii) With the passage of time, birth became the basis of caste.

a. In Europe it was felt that novels would help women to become  independent, assertive and that novels written by women aimed at breaking societal norms.
b. Novels in Europe also earned them public recognition.

c. In India, however it evoked a conservative reaction towards women readers
d. It was felt that novels would have immoral influence on women and would define new conception of womenhood.
e. Women would neglect their families, homes and would neglect their duties as wife and mother.
f. Some Tamil essays published that if women read novels they would be ruined and would suffer from disease and ailments. Women lacked the ability to judge between right and wrong and can be easily corrupted. That women should remain obedient and subservient to men.

India can called India can be called a federal country because
1 India has a three tier system
of government that is union local and state.
2 Constitution provides Three Types of listed that is union list state list and concurrent list.
3 power is shared between Central state and local government that is decentralization

(a)  The rural people or the tribals who live where the SEZs are being established. They are afraid that they will lose their livelihoods, which depend on the land which is being acquired for setting up the SEZs.
(b) The persons who are producing goods and services outside the SEZs similar to those proposed inside the SEZs. They are not getting the benefits and concessions being given to the producers inside the SEZs and so will lose out in competition with them.

(i) Division of powers : The Constitution demarcates the powers of the central and the state governments into different lists of subjects. There are three lists :
(i) Union List.
(ii) State List.
(iii) Concurrent List.
(ii) Three-tier system : As discussed earlier, under a federal government different tiers of the government govern the same citizens. This is true for India. In India, we have a three-tier system of government, i.e.,
• Union Government
• State Government
• Local Self-Government.
(iii) Not equal powers to all administrative units : Most of the federations that are formed by ‘holding together’ do not give equal powers to its constituent units. Thus, all states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy a special status. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution. Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this state without the permission of the state assembly.
(iv) Consent of both the levels of the government : Under a federal government, the fundamental provisions cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of the government, and the same is true for India. The Parliament cannot on its own change the fundamental structure of the Constitution.
implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures. The same is true for India. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court take a decision.
(v) Separate sources of income : A clear mention regarding the financial powers of the centre and the states has been made in the Indian Constitution. Income tax, excise duty, corporation tax, etc., are levied and collected by the central government, whereas land revenue, stamp duty, building tax, etc., come under the state government.

Foreign Trade Foreign trade is the trade between different countries of the world.
It consists of imports, exports .
The inflow of goods in a country is called import trade whereas outflow of goods from a country is called export trade.
Trade between two or more countries is termed as also  foreign trade. It helps in connecting the markets of different countries across the world.
Foreign Investment: Foreign Investment provides an inflow of foreign capital and funds and not goods.
Investment made by a MNC or a financial institution in another country is also termed as foreign investment.

Bombay became the capital city of the Bombay Presidency in 1819 after the defeat of the Marathas by the British.
As the trade in opium and other trade grew, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. Another important reason for the expansion of Bombay was the establishment of textile mills which also led to a fresh surge in migration.

The well off city dwellers supported the need to build housing for the poor because :
(i) The existing one-room housing for the poor was a serious threat to public health.
(ii) They were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation.
(iii) Fire hazards caused serious worries. Moreover, there was widespread fear of social disorder.
(iv) After the 1917 revolution workers became conscious about their rights.
(v) It is also true that a large number of people began to recognise the need for better housing for the poor.

(i) Political expression of gender division and political : mobilisation on the gender issue helped to improve
women’s role in public life. We now find women working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and teachers at college and university levels.
(ii) In some parts of the world,for example Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.
(iii) In our country, women still lag behind men despite some improvement since independence.

The Indians boycotted the Simon Commission because it had no Indian members. The fact that the British government thought it appropriate to leave out Indians from an institution that was to decide the political future of their country was considered a grave insult. Since the Commission was completely unrepresentative of Indian concerns, it was decided to boycott it completely.

Textile industry had just begun to develop in England in the early 18th century. The wool and silk producers in England found themselves unable to compete with Indian textiles. They wanted to secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles.
So they protested against its import.

The causes of the Great Depression were
(i) Conditions created by war There was an immense industrial expansion due to the increased demand of goods supplied to the army, during the period of the First World War. After the war, the demand for these goods suddenly dropped and so, there was no demand in many industries. There was also a large fall in the agricultural prices due to reduced demand.
(ii) Over production in agriculture Agricultural over production was another major factor responsible for the depression. This was made worse by falling agricultural .prices. As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, the farmers tried to increase the production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall income. This worsened the situation by pushing down the prices of farm produce further.
(iii) Shortage of loans In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the USA. While it was often very easy to raise loans in the USA during the boom period, lenders in the USA panicked at the first sign of trouble. Countries that depend crucially on US loans, now faced an acute crisis.
(iv) Multiple effect With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression i.e. banks in the USA slashed domestic lending and some stopped bank loans, thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close down. Factories closed, leading to unemployment, which further aggravated the crises. The US banking system collapsed.
(v) Large-scale unemployment Farm could not sell their harvests, businesses collapsed. As a result, large scale unemployment occurred.

a) In a democratic country people have the freedom to choose their representatives on the basis of universal adult franchise. 

b) Most societies across the world were historically male dominated. Equal treatment of women became the necessary requirement of a democratic society. Thus, their status in democratic countries improved. 
c) In a non-democratic setup, there is no legal basis for freedom and dignity of individuals. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.  d) Democracy transforms people from the status of subjects under a king or a dictator to the status of citizens with rights and duties.
Many Fundamental rights are granted to citizens in a democratic country. One such right is the right to freedom, which is a cluster of many rights like freedom to travel anywhere, freedom to assemble anywhere, freedom to choose any profession, to choose any religion etc.

Conditions that democracy must fulfill to achieve its outcome ---
1. It should try to tie or bond up every citizen.
2. Every level should be having their desired power.
3. Promise should be fulfilled.
4. No one should allow to break the reality or existence of democracy..

Democracy is a better form of government because of the following reasons:

- It promotes equality among citizens.

- It enhances the dignity of the individual.

- It also improves the quality of decision making.

- It provides a method in order to resolve conflicts.

- It allows room to correct mistakes.

Bharatendu Harishchandra was the pioneer of modern Hindi literature. He encouraged many members of his circle of poets and writers to recreate and translate novels from other languages. The first proper novel in Hindi was written by Srinivas Das of Delhi. It was titled Pariksha Guru and was published in 1882. This novel highlights the pitfalls of blind copying of the western culture and advocates preserving the traditional Indian culture. The characters in this novel attempt to bridge the western and the eastern world and try to make a balance between the two cultures.

The writings of Devaki Nandan Khatri created a novel-reading public in Hindi. Chandralekha was his best-seller. This novel is believed to have immensely contributed in popularizing the Hindi language and the Nagari script among the educated classes of that time.

The Hindi novel achieved excellence with the writing of Premchand. He began to write in Urdu and later shifted to Hindi. He took a leaf from the traditional art of kissa-goi (storytelling). Simple language was the hallmark of his writings. Moreover, he portrayed people from all sections of the society. In many of his writings, the main character belonged to oppressed classes.