Manufacturing industries assist in modernising agriculture and it reduce the heavy dependence on agricultural productivity. It generates more employment opportunities and removes unemployment and poverty level in our nation. It provides balanced regional growth in all areas of an economy. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange. Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. Industry sector contributes 27 % of GDP out of it manufacturing accounts for 17 %.

Coal is important as a source of energy as it is used for power generation,to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. Its is also imporatnt as a raw material as it is used to make coal tar and coal gas.it is also essential for smelting iron ore in blast furnaces.

(i) Thomas Hardy was a British novelist of the 19th century. He wrote about traditional rural communities of England.
(ii) This was actually a time when large farmers fenced off land, bought machines and employed labourers to produce for the market. The old rural culture with its independent farmers was dying out.
(iii) In his novel Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) Thomas Hardy has exclusively written about industrialisation and rural life. The novel is about Michael Henchard, a successful grain merchant, who becomes the mayor of the farming town of Casterbridge. He is an independent-minded man who follows his own style in conducting business. He can also be both unpredictably generous and cruel with his employees. Consequently, he is no match for his manager and rival Donald Farfrae who runs his business on efficient managerial lines and is well regarded for he is smooth and even- tempered with everyone.
(iv) We can see that Hardy mourns the loss of the more personalised world that is disappearing, even as he is aware of its problems and the advantages of the new order.

From 594 AD onwards, books were printed in China by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks. The traditional Chinese ‘Accordion Book’ was folded and stitched at the side because both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed.

Landlocked countries have no territorial access to the seas. Landlocked countries have very often lower average development levels than their neighbours. Those countries which are connected to or near to seas and oceans have developed and progressed. But, landlocked countries not only face the challenge of distance but also, the challenges that result from a dependence on passage through a sovereign transit country. Due to their remoteness, landlocked countries are dependent on neighbouring transit countries for their external trades and suffer from high trade transaction costs.

Congress reluctant in participation of women:

i. Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence of women within the organization.

ii. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives.

Participation of women in Civil Disobedience Movement:

i. During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches.

ii. Manufactured salt and picketed liquor shops.

iii. Boycotted foreign goods.

iv. Many went to jail.

v. Women were from high caste families and from rich peasant households participated.

vi. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to nation as a sacred duty of women.

Mini Steel Plants These are smaller in size as compare to integrated steel plants. These usually have an electric arc furnace and use steel scrap and sponge iron as raw material. At present, there are more than 200 mini steel plants in India. 

(i) By the end of 19th century a large number of newspapers in Indian vernacular languages were published.
(ii) These newspapers published articles written by national leaders. Their ideas were communicated to people through these newspapers.
(iii) The people of different communities and places were thus connected by print media. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another creating pan-Indian identities.
(iv) The nationalist newspapers exposed the colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. As these were written in spoken languages of various regions common man could easily understand the content.
(v) When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balagangadhar Tilak wrote articles sympathising with them. He was arrested which provoked protest among masses.
Thus it is clear, print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.

Right to vote refers to suffrage movement