Pulses are grown as rotation crop because pulses are leguminous crop which changes atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates and restores the fertility of the soil. Pulses are grown as a rotation crop because these have the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil into nitrogenous compound. These help to maintain or restore soil fertility.

a. In the mid 19th century, cotton and metal were considered as the most dynamic industry.
b. Cotton was the main industry and accounted most of Britain's exports.
c. Later iron and steel became one of the important industries.
d. Development of railways also contributed in its sudden surge,
e. In fact, by ​1873 Britain exported ​£ 77 million worth iron and steel.  

The various ways in which MNCs set up or control production in other countries are
(a) Buy up a local production company.
(b) Place orders for production with small producers, i.e., contract manufacturing.
(c) By setting up a partnership (joint venture) with a local company.
(d) Setting up their wholly owned subsidiary in the other country.
(e) By licensing or franchising their brand to a local company.

Women organized themselves in order to agitate for their rights. Historically, women have been discriminated against in most societies. Even after the emergence of democracy in western countries, women were denied the right to vote. They also suffered from economic discrimination like lower wages than men. Women were also denied admission in universities. Such discrimination meant the women were denied the chance to emerge from a socially inferior position. To protest against such discrimination and to demand their rights, women organized themselves into groups and started agitating.

Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some points of time.

Rise of nationalism in Europe. ... In the 19th century, a wave of romantic nationalism swept the European continent, transforming its countries. Some newly formed countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world. The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member .

The definition of a tribe is a group of people, or a community with similar values or interests, a group with a common ancestor, or a common leader.

A challenge is not just any problem. We usually call only those difficulties a ‘challenge’ which are significant and which can be overcome. A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before.

Foundational Challenge: Different countries face different kinds of challenges. At least one fourth of the globe is still not under democratic government. The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark. These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. For example, Nepal was under Monarchy till recent times. Now Nepal has changed to a democratic system. Certain mindsets and systems will take years to change as they have taken years to develop. Nepal is a very good example of foundational challenge of democracy.

Challenge of Expansion: Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involves applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. Ensuring greater power to local governments, extension of federal principle to all the units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups, etc., falls under this challenge. This also means that less and less decisions should remain outside the arena of democratic control. Most countries including India and other democracies like the US face this challenge. In India certain socio-economically backward groups have yet to get the political powers. Additionally, some north-eastern states have not yet fully integrated with the mainstream India. These are examples of challenge of expansion of democracy.

The print culture in Europe:
(i) Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route. Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
(ii) Then, in 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. As China already had the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him.
(iii) Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.                           

British manufactures flooded the Indian market over the nineteenth century. Food grain and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Thus Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India.