Merits of pipeline transport in India are the following.

(i)  Pipelines are use to transport water in cities,big towns and industrial units.

(ii) There are also use in transporting petroleum products,crude oil,natural gas etc.

(iii) Solids can also be transported through pipelines when converted into slurry.

(iv)  Pipelines are use to take out dirty water or sewer wastage from cities and towns to various destinations.

German Unification :The events leading up to the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. In 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic wars, the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) created a German confederation of 39 states in the geographical area known as Germany (formerly a region divided into hundreds of German states). Its organization gave Austria and Prussia, the largest German states, joint influence over the affairs of the confederation, although Austria was its nominal leader. The movement towards German unification was slow until the 1850s. The idea was popular with German nationalists and liberals, but opposed by their state governments. However, in the 1860s unification was taken up by an increasingly powerful Prussia and its chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. By 1871 only two German states existed – Austria and Germany; the states of Germany had been effectively taken over by Prussia, and were now united under the German Empire.
Unification of Italy: Unification of Italy took place in 1871. This process was under the leadership of the King and Chancellor of Piedmont--Sardinia. The unification process was also marked by wars against Austria. Unification was complete when the Pope lost power over Rome and the Papal states.

 Unification of Britian: Unification of Britian took place in 1707 when the kingdoms of England and Scotland formed an union. These kingdoms were earlier separate although they were ruled by the same monarch from London. With the 1707 alliance, Britain became a united political system.

 

From good focus on study

Dandi march was a movement initiated by Gandhi ji during civil disobedient movement in which he broke the salt tax law implemented by the British

Most of the minerals in India are nationalised and they can be extracted with due permission of the government. But in most of the tribal areas of north-east India, minerals are owned by individuals or communities. Mining of minerals like coal, iron ore, limestone, dolomite, etc., is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat-hole Mining’.

Rat minning is a kind of soil fertilize

Ch 1 - History

A direct vote in which the people of a region themselves decide to accept or reject a proposal 

For public choice

Because after the French rule and japanese war , US thought that Vietnam was becoming more powerful day by day i.e why US attcked Vietnam. ?

Liberal class is new rising middle class they also have money and eductaion they demand equality in comparision to royal blood they also want self respect compare to royal blood society

Formerly known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), the mission of the Brundtland Commission is to unite countries to pursue sustainable development together. The Chairperson of the Commission, Gro Harlem Brundtland, was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar in December 1983. At the time, the UN General Assembly realized that there was a heavy deterioration of the human environment and natural resources. To rally countries to work and pursue sustainable development together, the UN decided to establish the Brundtland Commission. Gro Harlem Brundtland was the former Prime Minister of Norway and was chosen due to her strong background in the sciences and public health. The Brundtland Commission officially dissolved in December 1987 after releasing Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, in October 1987, a document which coined, and defined the meaning of the term "Sustainable Development".

Ganga river

Tehri dam is situated in Uttarakhand in Bhagirathi river.

Tehri dam is on river Ganga

Indentured labour was more or less like a bonded labour. Such indentured labourers worked in plantation and mines. Three conditions of contract on the basis of which the indentured labour worked were:

• The contract mentioned the monthly salary of the labourers.

• The contract did not specify any rights of the labourers. Sometimes, they had to work for 16 hours in a day. Thu,s they were exploited by the owners of plantation and mines.
• The contract gave extensive powers tot he employer. They could bring criminal charges against the labourer if the latter did not fulfill any terms and conditions that was mentioned in their contract.

Federalism is a government in which powers of the government are divided between the central government and the governments of the constituent units of the country.
Unitary form of government is a government in which all the powers of government are concentrated into the hands of one central government and all the units are subordinate and under the central government.

Federal Government 1.Dual government that is national government and regional government. 2.It has written constitution. 3.Division of powers between the national and state government. 4.Constitution is supreme. 5.Rigid constitution 6.Independent judiciary 7.Bicameral legislature. Examples: India, Canada, Russia, USA, etc,. Unitary Government 1.Single government, that is national government which mat create regional government. 2.Constitution may be written as in France or unwritten as in Britain. 3.No division of powers. All powers are vested in the national government 4.Constitution may be supreme as in Japan or may not be as in the case of Britain. 5.Constitution may be rigid (France) or flexible (Britain) 6.Judiciary may be independent or may not be independent. 7.Legislature may be unicameral (china) or bicameral as in Britain. Examples: China, Iran, Bangladesh, Myanmar, etc,.

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Blessing of the Industrial Revolution –

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1.Production by machines has met the growing need of the growing population of the world.
2.Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, cloths and shelter.
3.Machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs.
4.Machines have brought more leisure.

  Harmful effects of Industrial Revolution -
1.The industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labourers.
2.Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs
3.The cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose.
4.The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism

The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk carried out along its length, beginning in the Han dynasty (207 BCE–220 CE). The Han dynasty expanded the Central Asian section of the trade routes around 114 BCE through the missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy Zhang Qian.[4] The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the Great Wall of China to ensure the protection of the trade route.[5]

The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West. It was central to cultural interaction between the regions for many centuries.[1][2][3] The Silk Road refers to both the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting East Asia and Southeast Asia with East Africa, West Asia and Southern Europe

The spreading of nationalism took place due to following factors :

(i) United Struggle Different religious groups and communities unitedly struggled against the British rule.

(ii) Cultural Processes Unity spread through various cultural processes like history, folklore. songs and symbols that helped in spread of nationalism.

(iii) Common Identity The painting of ‘Bharat Mata’ was commonly identified as motherland and affected
the people equally.

(iv) Revival of India Folklore Reviving the folklore through folk songs, legends helped in promoting traditional culture and restore a sense of pride in the past history and culture.

(v) Role of the Leaders Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru aroused the feelings of nationalism through their motivational speeches and political activities.

Other than income the factors which are important in life is 1. Literacy rate 2. Infant mortality rate 3. Health or medical condition Etc these are the factors used by human development index to check the development of a country.

Any four problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are: 1. power supply remains erratic, there by affecting it's production. 2. machinery needs to the upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors particularly. 3. there is lowest output of labour, since they are not skilled in their jobs. 4. there is a stiff competition with the synthetic fibres industry.

Trung sisters

Its ans is trung sisters

Trieu Au

Three ways to reduce freshwater pollution can be
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes in various industries to reduce or eliminate pollutants through pollution prevention methods.
(ii) Creating man-made cooling ponds designed to cool heated effluent waters of industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of the sewage in water treatment plants attached to the industries.

It is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year.

The GDP is the monetary value of finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Please give the answer

Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (1810-1861) Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (1810-1861) The figure who forged the Kingdom of Italy, designe d the constitutional structure of the unitary state and served as its first prime minister was the second son of an aristocratic Piedmontese family.

Cavour was chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont

Pipelines are the new on transportation map

(i) Previously these were used to transport water to cities and industries.

(ii) Presently these are used to transport crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas.

(iii) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but running costs are minimal.

(iv) It rules out delay and losses. Some network are from oilfield in upper Assam to Kanpur.

Three features of handwritten manuscripts Before the age of print everything had to be written by hand.
(i) handwritten manuscripts were expensive and it was a laborious and time consuming business.
(ii) Skilled hand writers could not meet the everincreasing demand for books.
(iii) As initially paper was not available, bark of trees, palm leaves, vellum etc. were used to write manuscripts.

This chapter is not included in my syllabus

Kharif crops also are known as monsoon crops. These are the crops that are cultivated in the monsoon season. The Kharif season differs in every state of the country but is generally from June to September. These crops are usually sown at the beginning of the monsoon season around June and harvested by September or October. Rice, maize, bajra, ragi, soybean, groundnut, cotton are all Kharif types crops.
The Rabi season usually starts in November and lasts up to March or April. Rabi crops are mainly cultivated using irrigation since monsoons are already over by November. Wheat, barley, mustard and green peas are some of the major rabi types of crops that grow in India.

Rabi crop:wheat Kharif crop:rice

Subject which do not fall into any of 3 lists. In this subject like computer software and its issue related issues are included only union grovement has legislate on these subject.

Communalism implies a strong sense of belonging to a particular religious community to the exclusion of others. The concept of communalism holds that religious distinction is the most fundamental and overriding distinction that separates a particular community from others. Communalism as evident from the rise of politics based on religious identity has been an important factor in the Indian political system.

Democracy is a better form of government when compared with any other form of government because of the following reasons

(i) Promotes equality among citizens Every citizen of the country has equal rights before the law. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.

(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual By giving its citizens equal rights, it enhances dignity and freedom of the individual. Democracy gives equal treatment and respect to women, disadvantaged and discriminated castes in our society.

(iii) Improves the quality of decision-making As there is open debate in major issues in democracy thus, quality of decisions is improved.

(iv) Provides a method to resolve conflicts Democracy reduces the possibility of social tension which leads to peaceful social life. It allows room to correct mistakes.

(v) A legitimate government Democracy gets the popular support of the people by regular, free and fair elections.