• Industrialists employed the Jobber, an old trusted worker.
• He got people from his village, got them jobs and helped them settle in the cities.
• Jobbers therefore, became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favour he did and started controlling the lives of the workers.

The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi signed on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune,India.

Prudential Reason
• According to prudential reason power-sharing accommodates social diversity hence, helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• Power sharing in another way ensures political stability through competition among various political parties.
• Besides, power sharing is also desirable to the promotion of national unity and integrity.
Moral Reason
• Moral Reason is a very deeper reason of power sharing.
• According to moral reason power sharing is desirable to produce an accountable, responsible and legitimate government.
• It implies maximum popular participation through decentralisation of powers so that people would be consulted on how th£y are to be governed.
In this way, both the sets of reasons signify the importance of power sharing in the forms of Community Government, Reserved Constituencies and Decentralisation of powers.

• Orissa Jharkhand Belt: Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts of Orissa have high grade hematite ore. Additionally, hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
• Durg Bastar Chandrapur Belt: This belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh have very high grade hematite ore. This hilly range has 14 deposits of super high grade hematite ore. Iron from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakapatnam port.
• Bellary Chitradurga Chikmaglur Tumkur Belt: This belt lies in Karnataka. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats are a 100 percent export unit. The ore from these mines is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.
• Maharashtra Goa Belt: This belt inculdes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. The ores in these mines are not of very high quality. They are exported through Marmagao port.

Cattle population is fed on decreased area of pasture lands by deforestation to acquire new pastures and utilising modern technology to procure animal feed. The consequences of decreased pasture lands are the increasing strains placed upon farmers practicing animal husbandry, declining productivity of cattle and diversion of forest lands for grazing.

1) The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Metternich once remarked, “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.” The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdoms of the Netherlands.
 

Sustainable development is the key to the stable growth of economy.  It will not only lead to the development of the present economy but will also lead to its development in the future. It means that development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. This concept stresses the role of the environment as capital that, if exhausted, cannot be replaced. It requires preservation of human capital, physical capital and natural capital. 

The effect of globalisation is not uniform because it was beneficial to some sections while others suffered. 
Positive impact:
1) great competition among producers.
2) great choice of good quality goods at cheap prices for the buyers.
3) more employment opportunities. 
Negative impact:
1) small producers have to suffer hugh losses due to competition. 
2) workers have to work for more time to complete the order.
3)  due to flexible employment jobs of workers are insecure.

Secularism means no special status is given to any religion. It is just not an ideology of some parties or persons.
The constitutional provisions which make India a ‘secular state’ are as follows;
(i) The Constitution of India does not give special recognition to any religion and there is no State religion in India, unlike, Christianity in America, Buddhism in Sri Lanka etc.
(ii) All individuals and communities have been given freedom to practice, profess and propagate any religion.
(iii) The Constitution of India puts ban on the discrimination on grounds of religion.
(iv) According to constitution state cannot intervene in the matters of religion in order to promote religious equality.

Religious groups played an important role in the development of anti-colonial movement in Vietnam.
Vietnamese religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism arid local practices. When French introduced Christianity here, the Vietnamese reacted sharply. As a result an early anti-Christianity movement, Scholars Revolt broke out in 1868. This was led by the officials, at the imperial court angered by the spread of Christianity and French power. The French lupressed this revolt but this uprising inspired the other patriots to rise up against them.
The role of Hoa Hoa Movement led by Huynh – Phu – So in 1939 in Mekong delta region is also significant in the development of anti-colonial movement In Vietnam.

(i) The French authority started building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
(ii) This vast system of irrigation work including canals and earthworks was built mainly by forced labour of native people.
(iii) The area under rice cultivation was made larger. In 1873, the area under rice cultivation was 2,74,000 hectares but in 1930, it occupied 2.2 million hectares.
(iv) Vietnam started to export two-thirds of its rice production and by 1931, it became the third
largest exporter of rice in the world.

Democratic reforms can be achieved through the following:
a. Through the passage of various laws like Right to recall , A law must be passed empowering people to recall political representatives who fail to perform or deliver.
b. Political parties must come under the ambit of right to information and share details like who funds them, how much money they spend and how they select candidates for elections to the public.
c. Quick disposal of cases related to corruption related scams involving politicians. Setting up of fast track courts  for corruption related cases.
d. Active and vigilant citizenry can go a long way in attaining democratic reforms. People can pass resolutions, put pressure on parties through petitions,protests demanding parties to be more transparent in their functioning.People can make use of media to question parties and their leaders on various policy matters.
e. Recourse to  Legal ways of reforming Politics which aims at bringing about necessary laws/ legislation or by making changes in the existing laws so as to make system more transparent in its functioning and more responsive to the needs of the people. One may give example of Right to information, Anti defection law, Jan Lok Pal etc which are surely an attempt to bring about good governance.

Satyagraha according to Gandhi was a unique weapon to fight injustice. It was a novel method of mass agitation. It stressed on the principle of truth, non-violence, tolerance and peaceful protests. Gandhi had already organised a successful satyagraha movement in South Africa. He also organised it successfully at Champaran in Bihar, Kheda in Gujarat and Ahmedabad in Gujarat.