• There are number of scheme lounched by GOI like Krishi Kalyan Cess, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY), Pradhan mantri krishi sinchai yojana(PMKSY), eNam, Mera goan Mera Gaurav, soil health card, Krishi dak, Pradhan mantri Faisal bima yojana, etc.
• To begin with government took lead in providing various facilities on its own. In course of time different types of activities were entrusted to specific public agencies.
• Another important input was the widespread use of radio and television for acquainting farmers in new and improved techniques of cultivation. The crop insurance was another step to protect the farmers against losses caused by crop failure on account of natural calamities like drought, flood, hailstorm, cyclone, fire, diseases etc.
• Easy availability of capital or investment input through a well-knit network of rural banking and small scale cooperative societies with low interest rates were other facilities provided to the farmers for modernisation of agriculture.

• Nationalist teneion emerged in the Balkans because the Balkan states were aspiring for nationalism.
• The Balkans was a region comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
• Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs.
• In 19th century, the major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire.
• The ideas of romantic nationalism developed in the Balkans. The rebellions nationalities in the Balkans thought that their struggle was the attempt to win back their long-lost independence.

Resource: Anything which can be used for satisfying the human needs is called a resource.
Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti and pasta in Italy. Perhaps Arab traders took pasta to fifth century Sicily, an island now in Italy.

MNC'S:-

• MNC's are the companies dat do there business in two or more nations.
• The mncs produce n' sell globally.
• their main intention is to earn profits.

NATIONAL COMPANIES:-

• National companies have their business within the country.
• The national companies produce and sell for the economy for their own country.
• They work for the welfare of the country , and produce quality goods.

Before the middle of the nineteenth century, the countries in Europe were not in the form as we know them today. Different regions in Europe were ruled by various multi-national dynastic empires. These were monarchies which enjoyed absolute power over their subjects. Various technological and the ensuing social changes helped in developing the ideas of nationalism. The process of creation of nation states began in 1789; with the French Revolution. It took about hundred years for the idea to gain concrete shape which resulted in the formation of France as a democratic nation state. The trend was followed in other parts of the Europe and led to the establishment of the modern democratic systems in most parts of the world; at the beginning of 20th century.

The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries:
Countries with per capita income of US$ 12616 per annum and above in 2012, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 1035 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2012 was just US$ 1530 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.
Limitations :
Limitations of this criterion are that while average income is useful for competition, it does not tell us how this income is distributed among people. A country may have more equitable distribution. People may be neither very rich nor extremely poor. But in another country with same average income, one person may be extremely rich, while others may be very poor. So, the method of average income does not give correct picture of a country.

Exploitation in the marketplace happens in various ways. Some examples are
(i) When traders indulge in unfair trade practices such as when shopkeepers weigh or measure less than what they should. This is usually in materials sold loose like rice, flour, milk, etc.
(ii) When traders add charges that were not mentioned before, like handling charges, packing charges, etc.
(iii) When adulterated/defective goods or expired medicines are sold.

Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. The necessity of a political party in democracy can be understood from the given points

• If every elected representative is independent, then no one will make promise for any major policy changes. The government may be formed but its utility will remain always uncertain. Non-party based Panchayat election also create same problems.
  The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
• As society became larger and complicated, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
• Political parties inform the people about the working of the ruling party. They talk about the problems of the state, the working and failure of the government and give suggestion for the upliftment of masses. Political party acts as a link between government and masses.
  Thus, political parties are necessary for democracy.

(i) Peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ram Chandra, a Sanyasi. The movement was against Talukdars and Landlords.
(ii) The landlords and talukdars demanded exorbitantly high rents and other cess. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlord’s farms without any payment.
(iii) As tenants, the farmers had no security of tenure. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
(iv) In many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of barbers and washermen.
(v) Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru; Baba Ram Chandra and few others. Within a month, over 300 branches were set up in the villages. The peasants developed in forms. In 1921, the houses of Talukdars and Merchants were attacked. Bazaars were looted. Grain hoards were taken over.

Feminist Movement was a radical movement which demanded equality for women in personal and family life also apart from politics, society and educational field.
The political demands of the Feminist Movements in India were:
(i) More women representatives in local government.
(ii) More political representatives for women by having elected women representatives.
(iii) Reserving at least one-third of the seats in Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for women.

Decline of the caste system in India:

(i) Efforts of social reformers like Phule, Gandhiji, Ambedkar against caste system have helped to promote a casteless society.
(ii) Economic development has reduced the emphasis on caste.
(iii) Large sacle urbanisation has disminished the awareness of caste, as people rub shoulders in buses, trains and offices.
(iv) Growth of literacy and education has helped to decrease the belief in caste.
(v) Occupational mobility is possible now and children are not compelled to continue the profession of the family or father.