• Community government is elected by people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live.
• This government has the power relating to culture, education and language issues.
• This kind of government helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

A challenge is an opportunity for progress.The statement reveals the idea that a challenge should not be taken as a difficulty or hardship always. There is an opportunity for progress also behind the challenge if we can overcome the challenge.Once we succeed in overcoming it we can rise up to a higher level of progress.

'Development for one can be destruction for others'. I totally agree with the statement.
Consider the following example:
A builder took a contract of constructing a dam over a river.The river provided water for irrigation to the farmers there.But now due to the construction of dam, the farmers living there will not be getting sufficient water for irrigation. Moreover a major landmass will be occupied for the construction of dam.
By this example we see that the construction of dam was development for the builder but a destruction for farmers.

If we make a survey of  all democracies and all dictatorships for the last fifty years between 1950 and 2000,we see that  dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth.  Economic development depends on factors like  country’s population size, political atmosphere, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic policies adopted by the country, etc.
However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is almost negligible. Overall, it cannot be said that democracy is sure to bring economic development. But we can expect democracy will not lag behind dictatorship in this aspect.
 But , it is better to prefer democracy over dictatorship as it provides more positive outcomes than dictatorship.
In dictatorship Saudi Arabia there is economic progress and it is a rich country compared to a democracy like India. But there is no political freedom and voting rights. In India we have political freedom,voting rights and right to express our opinion.Hence, democracy can be preferred over dictatorship.

The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. It was resented by the Dutch-speaking community, who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.
The social disparity between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s led to tensions between them. The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem, the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.

The novels helped to give people a vision of being ideal characters without losing one's identity in the following ways:

(i) Srinivas Dass 'Pariksha Guru' reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle

(ii) The characters in the novel are caught in the difficulty of adapting to colonial modernity and preserving their cultural identity.

(iii) The characters in the novel attempt to bridge two different worlds through their actions. They take to new agricultural technology, modernise trading practices, change the use of Indian languages making them capable of transmitting both western sciences and Indian wisdom.

(iv) The young are urged to cultivate the healthy habit of reading the newspaper.

(v) The novel also emphasises that all aspects must be achieved without sacrificing the traditional values of the middle-class household.

The main aims of the French revolutionaries were:

• Drafting of a formal constitution
• Establishment of representative government
• Abolition of the monarchy
• Foundation of a secular and democratic republic
• To bring essential social changes based on liberalism
• Liberate the people of Europe from dictatorship  

(a) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say the caste is a ‘vote bank’ of one party, it usually, means that a large proportion of voters from that caste vote for that, party.
(b) No Parliamentary Constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.

Causes of US involvement in Vietnam war:
1) Major cause to prevent the spread of communism .
2) US wanted to establish democracy in South Vietnam .
3) North Vietnam led by communist party and they tried to influence the southern Vietnam . Americans believed that, if South Vietnam fell, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand - and then Burma and India - would follow.So they entered into war.
4) It was obvious the South Vietnamese could not resist communist infiltration by the North Vietnam without help and also US was supporter of democracy so it took part in war to counter the communism.

(i) Soil forming factors are Relief, Parent rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time.
(ii) Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of the decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil chemical and organic.
(iii) Changes which takes place in the soil are also equally important.
(iv) Soil also consists of organic matter (humus) and inorganic materials.

(i)Gross cropped area is divided by net sown area. It includes the part of net sown area which is used for two or three crops in a year.

(ii)For example if 5 hectare net sown area is used for doubled cropping in a year, the gross cropping area will be 10 hectare.

iii)Gross cropped area explain the intensity of cropping in a region. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, have the high gross cropped area. Rajasthan have the low gross cropped area.

Right to Seek Redressal means right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers. It also includes right to fair settlement of the genuine grievances of the consumer.

Coal is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon. It is formed by the dead remains of the living organisms.

(i) Lignite: Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. 

(ii) Bituminous: Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. 

(iii) Anthracite: Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal.

(iv) Peat: It is produced by decay of plant material in swamps. It has low carbon and high moisture content and low heating capacity. It emits too much of smoke when burnt. 

Anthracite is the best quality of coal as it has high percentage of carbon and has the highest heating value.

This Slavic Nationalist struggle in the 19th Century because their existence was in the form of kingdoms and separate states.

This meant that they were an easy target for bigger states such as Russia and Britain to conquer.

The slavic nation decided to unite all of their small states and form one bigger unit to save themselves and fight successfully against the bigger states who wanted to conquer them.

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Rate barrier are rules and regulations that regulates foreign trade.
Indian government put barriers to foreign trade after independence because of the following reasons
(i) To protect the domestic producers within the country from foreign competition.
(ii) The competition from importers would have crippled the new born industries of India.
In such a situation, imports of only such commodities were allowed which were quite necessary such as machinery, fertilisers, petroleum etc.
(iii) During 1950s and 60s, competition from imports was giving a death’blow to growing industries in India.

• The Scholars Revolt in 1868 was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power. Catholic missionaries had been active in winning converts since the early 17th century and by the middle of the 18th century had converted some 3,00,000 people.
• It led to a general uprising in the provinces of Ngu An and Ha Tien where a thousand Catholics were killed.
• The French successfully crushed the movement, but the revolt was significant for it served as inspiration for other patriots to rise up against the colonial power.

As the basic tenet of communism is the same the difference between the tow communist parties is not ideological. But what is well known is that the split was a direct result of differences between the USSR and Chinese parties. Those who supported USSR became CPI and those who supported the Chinese became CPM.